Recruiting, Selecting, Orienting, and Training

| |Recruiting |Selecting |Orienting |Training | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Company’s Web site |Job interview by human resources |Explanation of the |Apprenticeship training | | | |department |organization’s levels of | | | | | |authority | | | | |>>Interested applicants will be | |>> A supervised training and | | |>>Most large companies have their |interviewed as initial screening |>>A large company organization |testing of a new employee is very | | |own websites which usually |by the human resource department. |usually has the hierarchy of |common in large companies. Some | | |includes a section for job |Prescreened applicants will go |the authorities. The new |large companies even require | | |opportunities. Online job |through supervisor’s interview for|employee must be aware of the |apprenticeship training as a | | |application has become a popular |selection. The interview will be |certain level of authority and |requirement prior to signing of | | |method of recruitment. Interested |either a structured where the |the organization. This is |the work contract. An employee is | | |applicants who meet the |questions re prepared or |usually done by the human |trained and tested for a specified| | |requirements can post an |unstructured interview where |resource department or a |minimum period of time until the | | |application and the specified |random questions are often asked. |representative from the higher |desired work skills are achieved. | | |requirements. The human resource | |authorities. An employee who fails to show | | |department may choose or contact | | |satisfactorily may possibly be | | |the candidates for screening | | |disqualified from the job. | | |interview and list candidates for | | |Training is usually carried out by| | |final interview by the supervisor. | | |designated personnel in | | | | | |coordination with human resources | | | | | |department. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Large company | | | | | | | | | | | | |Class ified ads in newspaper |Job interview by immediate |Rules, regulations, policies, |Computer-assisted instruction | | | |supervisors |and procedures |(CAI) | | |>>Classified ads are frequently | | | | | |used by large companies as a |>>Pre-screened qualified |>> Large companies have a set |>> Computer assisted instruction | | |recruitment tool. The human |candidates will be interviewed by |rules, regulations, policies, |is similar to programmed | | resource department gets in |the supervisor for final |and procedures which is very |instruction but in more modernized| | |contact with certain newspapers to|employment decision. Immediate |important for any new employee |technology. Materials and | | |post the vacant post with few |supervisors are usually involved |to know. This usually is given |processes and relevant | | |details of the required employee |in final hiring of prospective |priority during the orientation|instructions are computer-based | | |to fill in the vacancy. |applic ants subject to approval of |period as any employee needs to|where the new employee are | | | |the higher authorities. work according to the company’s|required to read and review the | | | | |standards and in accordance to |instructions and answer the | | | | |the set guidance. |related questions after looking at| | | | | |the materials. Some | | | | | |computer-assisted instructions are| | | | | |sometimes internet-based. This | | | | | |instruction is done by human | | | | | |resource department or designated | | | | | |personnel. | | | | | | | | |State or private employment |Screening by state or private |Skills training |Classroom training | | |agencies |employment agency | | | | | | | | | | |>>Some large company gets in | | | | |>>Many large companies use |contact with state or private |>>Large companies follow their |>> Classroom training which is | | |employment agencies to hire for |employment company for hiring a |set standards and the |common in large companies is | | |needed employee. Employment |staff who is already prescreened |accomplishment of these is only|usually a continuation of | | |agencies have their screening |based on agency tools. Human |achieved if the employees use |orientation. It includes lectures,| | |method for choosing skillful |resource department gets in |their skills accordingly. To |exercises, visual presentations, | | |applicants. The human resource |contact with th e agency to hire an|ensure accomplishment of the |and skills enhancement activities. | |department gets in contact with |employee which is usually placed |company standards, though the |The human resource department | | |employment agencies to bring in |on temporary contract terms. |newly hired staffs are |usually organizes the training | | |some of the prescreened skillful | |skillful, skills training |with coordination of related | | |employees. | |remain a basic part of |department and designated | | | | |orientation. Skill training is |personnel. Some part of | | | | |usually done by the education |orientation program, | | | | |or staff development department|apprenticeship training, and other| | | | |in collaboration with the human|related program such as safety | | | | |resource department. |program are usually incorporated | | | | | |in classroom training. | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Job postings within the company |Employment tests |Job functions and |On-the-job training(OJT) | | | | |responsibilities | | | |>>This is usually done by human | | |>>On the job training is usually | | |resource department posting the |>> Employment tests which is also |>> Small companies usually have|implemented by small companies | | |details of the requirements for |conducted by large companies, is |short and simple orientation |especially when no formal training| | |the vacant post. Interested |commonly used by small companies |program for the new employees. |is offered by a company. | | |applicants will then contact the |as well. The test is usually given|Rules and regulations are |On-the-job training is simple and | | |human resource department for more|by company supervisor if human |usually not exhaustive and |is usually done by designated | | |information and application |resource department is not |orientation requires very basic|staff as the mentor of the new | | |requirements. |available. The results of the test|things. Job functions and |employee or by the supervisor | | | |will take a part in hiring |responsibilities however are |himself/herself. Any regular staff| | | |decision. |usually among the main |can also do the on-the-job | | | | |priorities in orientation. |training through accidental | | | | | |teaching while at work. | | | | | | | | | | | | |Small Company | | | | | | | | | | | | |Employee referrals |Employment applications |Introduction to fellow workers |Job rotation, or cross-training | | | | | | | | | |>> Employment application is a |>>Working in small companies |>> Job rotation or cross training | | |>> Employee referral is very |universal tool used by all |requires establishment of good |is a very common training practice| | |common in small company |companies. The small companies |rapport among all the workers. |in small companies, though it is | | |recruitment. Trusted employees |particularly those with limited |Introduction of a new employee |also observed in large companies. | |usually spread out the news of job|facilities largely depend on |to fellow workers is much |Job rotation maybe on monthly, | | |vacancy to any of his /her |written employment applications |highlighted in small companies |bimonthly or at any specified | | |contacts and recommend a |along with other required |as compared to large companies. |period basis. Job rotation and | | |prospective candidate to the |employment certificates. |It is not surprising for small |cross training is usually aimed at| | |employer. A major drawback on this|Applications are usually reviewed |company to throw a welcome |developing staff that can be | | |process s that referrals are |by company supervisor or human |party to a new employee during |placed at any job that has staff | | |sometimes not based on skills or |resource department if available. |the formal introduction. |deficiency such as during any the | | |what they know but on who they | |Introduction is usually done by|absence or leave of some s taff. | | |know. | |the department head or a | | | | | |designated staff. | | | | | | | | |Job bidding |Resumes |Benefits and compensation |Programmed training | | | | | | | | | | |>> Small companies may or may | | | |>>Job bidding is very common in |>>Resume which is also universally|not state the benefits and |>> Programmed written instructions| | |small companies mostly based on |required by most companies large |compensation in the written |are usually provided to new | | |seniority, job skills, and other |or small, is often one of the main|contract. The details of the |employee. A time is provided for | | |qualifications that give certain |bases of small companies in |benefits and compensation are |the new employee to read and | | |employee advantage over the |selection of applicants. Small |therefore usually included as a|review all the instructions in | | |others. Senior and highly |companies are usually not |part of orientation. This is |materials provided. A programmed | | |qualified employees usually bid |exhaustive in conducting |usually done by the company |training is usually done by the | | |for higher vacant positions. interviews and most of the time |supervisor or human resource |company supervisor or designated | | | |after careful review of resume |department if available as part|personnel. The employee considered| | | |with the supporting documents, |of orientation. |to be on training will be required| | | |applicants are chosen for final | |to answer questions based on the | | | |interview. | |materials provided thereafter. |

Imduction Processes Essay

Induction is the first step along a pathway of learning that a new worker undertakes when joining the social care sector or a new organisation and will continue all through their career. It is one of the principal most important processes within the organisation. Staff induction often focuses on the corporate policies, eg: safety, security, anti-discrimination, equality, etc. This is useful information, if not the most interesting to participants. Beyond policies, we also cover practicalities, for example how to carry out common administrative tasks such as completing weekly timesheets, changing address, how to fill out daily diary records for the service users. What information systems exist, we give out company email addresses and team leader/manager telephone numbers. Induction training is very important for new staff. Good induction training assists with retention of new starters ensuring they are settled in quickly into a productive happy role. This in turn is good for the company staff retention cuts recruitment costs. Induction training offers the opportunity to establish clear expectations from the outset in terms of integrity, ethics and professional social responsibility. The primary importance is to ensure that the individual is working within the guidelines of the law, company’s policies, procedures and values, Safeguarding regulations and Care Quality Commission standards. It is then also extremely important for the service users, it enables staff to know and understand each individual and become familiar with their support plans to ensure that the staff follow a person centred approach to caring for the service users’. The induction process we provide is based around the Skills for Care Common Induction Standards. These Common Induction Standards have been designed to provide a structured start for workers in the first 12 weeks of employment, which will help ensure that they are then safe to leave alone with responsibility for the people they support. When workers are expected to perform any tasks that are not covered by the standards, appropriate training will be sourced before the work is undertaken. There are eight standards that the induction covers, these are: Standard 1 Role of the health and social care worker Standard 2 Personal developments Standard 3 Communicate effectively Standard 4 Equality and Inclusion Standard 5 Principles for implementing duty of care Standard 6 Principles of safeguarding in health and social care Standard 7 Person-centred support Standard 8 Health and safety in an adult social care setting. Each standard contains a number of areas of knowledge that staff need to know about before they can work safely without close supervision. Each area is made up of outcomes which say what exactly you need to know about that area. Once the 12 week induction process is completed the staff will have knowledge of all the standards above and will have reached the desired outcomes of the induction. As a manager it is my responsibility to arrange for the new staff to learn about the different areas within the standards and that they gain enough knowledge to meet the outcomes for each area. People have different ways of learning, some learn by being told things through, others learn through watching, some through talking things and coming up with ideas and also some learn by actually doing the tasks. Prior to induction a training needs analysis is completed this will identify the best way to facilitate the training needs for each new member of staff. I will then liaise with our training department and arrange for the induction to take place. We will agree the best way to deliver the training to meet the individual’s needs. This can be done through classroom room based training sessions, reading and completing training booklets and also through shadowing an experienced member of staff who has the knowledge and skills to pass on. During the 12 week induction period the new member of staff will be assessed on their competency to ensure they have understood everything they have learned. These assessments will be carried out by the manager, team leader and/or training manager. Then when the staff member has successfully completed the induction period, the manager in combination with the team leader will sign off the Certificate of Successful Completion. Once completed staff are  encouraged to develop their job role to include new areas of work not covered by the common induction standards. The induction standards provide the basic training necessary for work in social care however as a company we provide further training for the additional tasks not covered through induction. This has been developed through skills for care learning sessions and the training available includes: Acquired Brain Injury – (Introduction) Asperger’s Syndrome – (Introduction) Autism Syndrome – (Introduction) Dementia and Confusion – How to respond Dementia Defining Learning Disability – (Introduction) Recognising and Managing Conflic Managing Medication Nutrition in Home Support Services Empowerment of Service User The completed induction links in to many of the knowledge requirements for the core units of the diploma in Health and Social Care qualification. Training is encouraged throughout employment to enable the staff member to develop new skills and knowledge and open up further career options. This supports and promotes professional development that will be beneficial to both the organisation and the staff member, ensuring that we are working in line with current best practice and guidelines. Effective induction can assist staff who want to move from one type of social care provision to another, or who are starting work with a different service user group, as they will have new things to learn so that they can understand how their practice may need to be adapted to the changed circumstances. The knowledge and skills training sessions can provide the learning necessary for workers to make a successful transition into a different part of the social care sector. Successful completion of induction ensures staff meet the General Social Care Council (GSCC) code of practice for social care workers, which describes the standards of professional conduct and practice required of social care workers as they go about their daily work. As an employer  AllCare has to adhere to a code of practice which includes their duty to establish a competent workforce. Ensuring staff successfully complete their induction is a part of this. The Common Induction Standards have been designed to help make sure that organisations can provide a quality service for the individuals’ we support, and that includes making sure new staff are safe to leave alone in the workplace to carry out their role and responsibilities. We centre on the mission that, our company will provide a safe environment for both staff and service users. We focus on safeguard and promote the welfare of the service users in our care, in compliance with Trafford multi-agency Safeguarding Adults Policy and Procedures and the publication of the ‘No Secrets’ guidance by the Department of Health in 2000. This guidance stipulates that all local partner agencies should work together to prevent, detect and investigate concerns about possible adult abuse. The role of induction training with regard to safeguarding is to help develop and foster a shared understanding of the tasks, processes, principles, and roles and responsibilities outlined in national guidance and local arrangements for safeguarding vulnerable adults and promoting their welfare. Induction teaches how to recognise and act on signs of abuse and neglect, risk assessments and the making and management of referrals, ensuring that our staffs are competent and confident in carrying out their responsibilities for safeguarding and promoting service users’ welfare. All staffs are provided with this information during induction via our employee handbook.

Reflection †IOM Future of Nursing Essay

Knowledge can give nurses greater power to take action and lack of knowledge can leave nurses powerless to provide safe or effective care ( Innocent, 2011). During this difficult economic time many recruiters prefer to hire experienced nurse with knowledge. To gain knowledge one must have education. Education makes a difference in how we perceive things, provides in depth study of nursing research, leadership, management, and helps understand social, cultural, political and economic issues that affect patients and influence care. According to the IOM report in Recommendation 4: to increase the proportion of nurses with a BSN to 80% by 2020. Increasing the level of education, increases not only knowledge but gives in depth study of other fields in nursing and research. Earning a BSN degree will make one more confident to deliver safe and quality care. Research has shown the importance of baccalaureate education in relation to patient outcomes. Nurses need to educate themselves because they are the ones who provide almost all direct patient care in the hospitals and other areas. IOM report is a wakeup call to nurses who just have their diploma or associate degree to enroll into the BSN program. Having a BSN degree is preferred in much hospital as an entry level standard. Therefore completing BSN gives more opportunities for leadership and management job, helps provide quality care and improve patient safety, and helps the nurses participate in research projects. Another recommendation put forth by the IOM is Recommendation 5: Double the number of nurses with doctorate degree by 2020. Healthcare needs more nurses with doctorates to educate nurses, lead change and advance health care in America. A higher degree of clinical skill and knowledge enhances the leadership skills and keep with the pace of  the growing demands in healthcare. Nurses need to get their doctorate which gives them more autonomy, money and power. Have a doctorate degree, helps build up on what you already know and use the clinical skill learned in research, create and bring about change for the better in the lives of the patients. There are more jobs open for a doctorate in nursing in the field of research, labs, universities, administrative positions in the hospitals and insurance company. Ensure lifelong learning as per IOM recommendation 6: Ensure learning to keep up with the demand of the changes in technology, and gain competencies needed to deliver care of diverse populations. Lifelong learning contributes to the development of knowledge and skill in nursing. A focus on continuous learning is necessary to remain current on trends, practices, and the newest treatments in the field of nursing(Wetters, 2011). Increasing education gives every nurse the confidence to compete in the job market. Knowledge and skills learned can be enhanced through education and lifelong learning experience to keep up with the pace of the growing needs of the healthcare industry. Every nurse should engage in a learning process to keep up with the challenges of this century. Nurses have given a wide scope of practice and one should take advantage of that to enhance oneself to better job where one can help train the new generation of nurses. Education will always be an assess in today’s job market as well as in the future. Every nurse should encourage and support one another to higher learning. Reference Innocent, K. (2011. January). Knowledge, A Power Source for Nurses. Nursing center. Retrieved on April, 13 from http://www.nursingcenter.com/Blog/post/2011/01/14/Knowledge-A-Power-Source-for-Nurses.aspx http://www.thefutureofnursing.org/recommendation/detail/recommendation-6 Wetters, K. (2011, January). Culture of Lifelong learning in Nursing. Fostering a culture of curiosity. Retrieved on April 13, 2013 from http://www.rightathome.net/foxvalley/blog/culture-of-lifelong-learning-in-nursing-joliet-illinois/

Six sigma (IEG) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Six sigma (IEG) - Assignment Example These rules and regulations are applicable to nearly all the organizations regardless of their size, scope or duration of a given project. While the major trends towards quality assurance and improvement can be traced back into 1960s and 1970s, the real origin of this concept from a mathematical view point can be stretched back to as early as the late 18th century. This comes in the form of the works of Carl Fredrick Gauss (Burton & Sams, 2005,p. 9). Later on, the developments kept coming in, and in the present day the concept of Six Sigma is a gift of the 1980s quality based initiatives. It was for the first time introduced in 1986 by a cellular telecommunication based company Motorola. Towards the early 21st century, many companies and experts from the field of quality management have brought about developments, yet the patent rights to original ownership and idea belong to Motorola. Later recognition and realization by the giants of quality based manufacturers such as Generic Electric gave the concept more sound bases with regard to the overall concepts of quality possessed in Six Sigma and its generic application to the various industries. Six Sigma constitute number of steps and features based on which the quality measures are adopted. These come along in the form of overcoming the defects and errors in the routine services and manufacturing processes. For this purpose, Six Sigma determines and sets forth a strict parameter of certain rate and ratio. This rate comes along in the form of 3.4 defective parts in a total of one million produced. In order to maintain the guidelines and parameters of quality given by Six Sigma, the incumbent company ought to have a defect rate of as low as only 3.4 items in a total of one million. This rate will further reduce as the rate of production increases. The Significance of Six

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ABC crisis intervention and how it is applied in a senerio - Essay Example There are many models of crisis intervention and the ABC model is one of them. To explore Mr. Jones’ crisis, this paper will examine how the ABC model can be used to understand and bring the crisis under control. The ABC model is a three stage process that involves developing contact with the person. This contact has a deeper use as it enables a person to establish a conversation with the crisis victim. The second stage is the most important as it enables the person to identify the problem that brings the crisis. In this stage, the victim is also enabled to identify the psychological issues in the crisis. The final stage in the process involves identifying a method which the victim can use to cope with the problem (Kanel, 2011). In the case of Mr. Jones, and John, the social worker can use the model to identify the crisis that he is facing and what mechanisms can be used to help him cope with the problem. John used to be a frequent visitor to Mr. Jones. However, with the passage of time, he was no longer welcome to the house and this has brought about significant changes in the communication process between the two. To be able to intervene, the counselor must be able to establish and develop communication between him and Mr. Jones. This will be of great use in moving to the second step. Without well developed communication model, the second stage cannot accomplish its results since people are unlikely to open up to others if they do not feel comfortable. This stage, therefore, serves to open up the communication channel between the victim and the mediator. By making Mr. Jones comfortable to talk, the counselor will be able to extract information easily from him. This step will also involve explaining to Mr. Jones the purpose of the visit. The counselor will need to explain why he thinks there is a problem and what the visit aims to achieve. This will prepare Mr. Jones for the next stage and enable him to understand why he needs

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Ethical Aspects of Euthanasia Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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The Facebook Effect on the Interactions of Freshmen Essay

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Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategic Management - Essay Example 8 References 9 Appendix 10 Introduction NewsCorp can be characterized as a dynamic multinational organization, having been expanded rapidly in countries worldwide; the current performance of the firm is significant – see graph 1 (Appendix). In 2010, the firm continued its growth by developing a series of critical agreements, such as the increase of its ownership in Sky Deutschland to 45%, the development of a joint venture with CME Group inc. and so on (Annual Report, p.17). In 2010, the profits of the firm were estimated to 32,778 millions, increased by 8% compared to 2009 (Annual Report, p.18). Apart from its geographic expansion, the firm’s major characteristic has its ability to enter new industrial sectors. However, it would be stated that its growth has been mostly based on its profits from newspapers. The above view is based on the following fact: in accordance with the case study, the profits from the Australian newspaper, The News – established by the fa ther of Murdoch in 1923 – allowed the expansion of NewsCorp in the global market (p.713 case study); In the above context, the level at which the involvement of NewsCorp in the newspapers sector has offered the firm a competitive advantage in the global market has to be further examined. ... In the context of the Five Forces model of industry competition (Figure 1, Appendix) a firm that aims to compete its rivals is likely to face five different forces, including: the threat of similar (substitute) products/ services, the threat of new firms entering the particular industry, the power of customers to ask for lower prices, the power of suppliers to ask for higher payment of the material/ services provided and the competition from existing rivals (Porter 1998). In the case under examination, the increase of TNC’s competitiveness towards its rivals and the further growth of the firm in the global market were achieved, mostly, through the following strategies: the expansion of the firm in the areas of national and local newspapers – in this way the competition within each market was minimized; for instance, in Australia, the firm established the country’s ‘first national newspaper, the Australian, along with 20 provincial newspapers’ (p.713 case study), a fact that offered to the firm the hegemony in the Australian market; in this way also, the firm achieved to secure an important source of funds for supporting its expansion in the international market; another, important, competitive strategy of the firm has been the acquisition of key competitors in the international market; an indicative example of this type is the acquisition of the News of the World – a British publishing company which was already well developed in the local market. The competitive strategy of NewsCorp should be criticized using the Five Forces model of Porter – to see how the strategic initiatives of Murdoch have been, actually, aligned with the existing academic theories on competitiveness in the context of

Chemistry questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chemistry questions - Essay Example -0.0005 33.4 -1.49701E-05 -0.00428 127.7 0.003 0.000012 2.12833333 -0.0005 38.5 -1.2987E-05 -0.00433 173.3 0.0025 0.00001 2.88833333 -0.0005 45.6 -1.09649E-05 -0.00439 229.1 0.002 0.000008 3.81833333 -0.0005 55.8 -8.96057E-06 -0.00448 301 0.0015 0.000006 5.01666667 -0.0005 71.9 -6.9541E-06 -0.00464 402.4 0.001 0.0000039 6.70666667 -0.0005 101.4 -4.93097E-06 -0.00493 575.6 0.0005 0.000002 9.59333333 -0.0005 173.2 -2.88684E-06 -0.00577 pseudo-order rate constant = average of the rate constant (-0.00459) Section 3 12. Which of the transformations shown is a substitution reaction A substitution reaction is one in which a functional group is replaced by another in a chemical reaction, functional group are a group of atoms within a molecule that are responsible for chemical reactions, therefore the substitution reaction is A. 13. Which of the transformations shown is an addition reaction An additional reaction is one in which one or more molecules combine to form a new and larger molecule and this in turn reduces the degree of unsaturation, they are the reverse of an elimination reaction, our answer is C. 14. Statement 1 Reaction 17A will proceed faster than reaction 17B. (Assume the same concentrations of substrate and reagents.) BECAUSE Statement 2 Reaction 17A will proceed mainly via an SN2 mechanism whereas Reaction 17B will proceed mainly via an SN1 mechanism. D Both statements are true but Statement 2 is not a correct explanation of Statement 1. 15. Statement 1 Reaction 18 will give product 18A rather than product 18B. BECAUSE Statement 2 Elimination by the E2 mechanism proceeds via an antiperiplanar conformation. You are asked first to decide whether each statement of the pair is true or false, and then, if both statements are true, to decide...The change of concentration of phenolphthalein (phth) with time is given in the table shown. A substitution reaction is one in which a functional group is replaced by another in a chemical reaction, functional group are a group of atoms within a molecule that are responsible for chemical reactions, therefore the substitution reaction is An additional reaction is one in which one or more molecules combine to form a new and larger molecule and this in turn reduces the degree of unsaturation, they are the reverse of an elimination reaction, our answer is 19. The following questions concern the molecules SF4 (central atom S) and BrF3 (central atom Br). In order to answer these questions, you will find it useful to use VSEPR theory to determine the shapes of SF4 and BrF3, and also to find the symmetry elements in both species and determine the point groups. 23. Four reagents in the Key for Q32 are employed in a sequence of reactions (steps 1, 2, 3 and 4) to convert m-bromonitrobenzene into m-bromobenzoic acid (32). Reagents B and D are used for steps 1 and 2 respectively. In the spaces in the Key, type the appropriate labels of the two reagents most suitable for steps 3 and 4. 25.Select the most likely structure for the compound that gives rise to the 13C NMR spectrum with peaks at the following positions (given as /ppm) with the off-resonance

Ethnic Market Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Market Essay With mounting western influence and focus on revival of traditional Indian fashion elements, diversity in India sees many faces. To maintain the dignity of the culture and to provide a platform to small Indian brands, future group initiated ethnocentrism concept by opening ethnicity store in Ahmedabad, Gujarat. This initiative has provided new format insights to organized retailers to expand their horizons in highly volatile Indian consumer oriented market. A new format has always been a challenge to any retailer to sustain into the market. In the changing face of market, to regain preference of consumers towards nationalized brands, can be looked from a confronting angle. This created an anxiety in the mind of researchers and inspired them to undergo the research to understand the ethnicity concept. Ethnicity format is studied based on the first ethnicity store set up in the city of Ahmedabad, Gujarat and glimpses are taken from the second and third store set up in Mumbai and Pune respectively. Research is secondary followed by primary in nature. This paper gives insights into the overall set up of ethnicity format that includes differentiating Criterias of ethnicity in comparison to regular retail formats based on observation at the store. Questionnaire based survey is also performed to get opinion on ethnicity store and paper gives insights into preferential category for purchase for future developments Consumers have given a very good response to the new concept. Along with shopping, experiences of consumers with the format have given a lasting impact on their mind-set. Further Raja market, Rani Market, Thoda aur market are found attractive to consumers and have gained good preference of consumers followed by Sona-chandi market Chota India and Ghar aangan market. The insights into concept development and suggested potential extended formats of ethnicity may readily work as a pillar to stand into the market for new retailers. Keywords: Ethnicity, Ethnocentrism, Organized Retail, Nationalized brands. Introduction Indian fashion industry is moving towards westernization due to high level of acceptance of foreign brands by the consumers. Due to this ,western brands are getting a wider platform than the ethnic brands across the country. As a result, national/ethnic products are even overlooked by consumers and time may come that such products may disappear from the market. To protect the Indian heritage, Future group took up the maiden initiative to provide a space to Indian products and brands under its own name and fame Future Group, Indias leading business house with strong presence in retail sector, launched a new retail format, family lifestyle store Ethnicity, in Ahmadabad to market ethnic brands and products of India in 2008. This chain is a major family format developed after the launch of *Professor, G. H. Patel Post Graduate Institute of Business Management, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar. **Assistant Professor, N. R. Institute of Business Management (GLS-MBA), Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad. Pacific Business Review International 2 highly successful family formats like Pantaloons, Big Bazaar, and Home Town. The new store format that has been billed as Everything Indian, seeks to promote ethnic brands, ranging from ethnic and fusion wear, Jewellery, handicrafts, home decor, beauty products to accessories and gifts. Thus ethnicity showcases a large number of small Indian brands under one roof. Ethnicity besides promoting the culture of ethnic products, provide a modern platform to augment the presence of the retailers into the industry. Research Objectives †¢ †¢ †¢ To understand the concept of ethnicity as a new retail format To understand differentiating factors of ethnicity store in comparison to the modern retail stores. To understand the consumers preference towards the new format. Scope of the Study The study has explored the concept of ethnicity. In includes understanding of the theme and concept development, merchandise development and differentiation criteria of format in comparison to existing formats. Further to understand acceptance of the new format, consumers preference towards the offerings has also been analyzed Data Collection Sources Secondary data sources have been used to understand the concept the ethnicity. Information has been taken from leaflet provided by ethnicity store of Ahmedabad, and Company website to get insights into ethnicity store of Pune and Mumbai. Articles kept on the websites are also used at the launch of ethnicity. Primary data has been collected through questionnaire to know consumers preference towards the new format. Respondents were the consumers of Ahmedabad who visited ethnicity store. Sample of 100 respondents was administered out of which 94 responses identified as valid sample for the study. Literature Review Ethnic origin has been defined as a group of people who share a common descent, a sense of collective identity and usually a shared cultural heritage and tradition (Crysdale and Bettie, 1973). Ethnicity implies common customs, values, and attitudes within a group of people who are bound by a common cultural identification. Because values reflect a standard or criterion that people use in the guidance of behavior, they act as a norm for ethnic consumer behavior and an influence on many consumption motives. Ethnic Marketing Ethnic marketing is an important aspect of lifestyle marketing, a strategy that tailors a companys products and services towards the customers lifestyles. According to Technopak Analysis, the current market of sarees and ethnic wear stands at Rs 31,000 crore and is projected to grow at 10 per cent to reach Rs 45,000 crore in 2014. Views expressing rationale towards ethnic marketing Mr. Arvind Singhal, chairman of management consulting and retail specialist firm Technopak Advisors (201011) said, Overall apparel category spends are rising, with special focus on ethnic wear brands, where many new brands have emerged as market heroes. They sensed the vacuum in the market, ease of entry, and attracted women the most interesting target consumer, which places the Indian ethnic wear market at Rs. 56,800 Crore, growing at 9% annually. Govind Shrikhande, customer care associate and managing director, Shoppers Stop said Branded ethnic Volume 5 Issue 5 (November 2012) wear is one of the top selling categories in our stores. For the past few years this segment has seen double digit growth, Mr. Gaurav Mahajan, CEO, Westside, a Tata group company said ,Indian ethnic wear is an integral part of our customer promise. We widened the Westside range and introduced Zuba, which offers silks and authentic handlooms. This autumn will see the launch of two more brands, Mr. Rakesh Biyani, joint managing director, Future Group said ,There is a significant rise in demand for womens ethnic clothing. There is a big gap between the opportunity and what is being delivered today by organized players. This gap identification generated a lead to cover the untapped ethnic market and future group took up the initiative to establish ethnicity store as a revolution in the existing apparel format. Concept development of Ethnicity Store by Future Group. Store Design Future Group has launched the first of a chain of stores aimed at retailing Indian wear in 2008 in Ahmedabad city. It is the branded Ethnicity store that keeps the a range of ethnic and fusion wear, jewelry, handicrafts, home decor, beauty products and accessories and gifts. All the products are India inspired. The store is having a spread over an area of 25,000 to 30,000 sq. ft. Store Objective The apparel labeled as traditional and indoor clothing a decade ago, has laid the foundation for todays contemporary Indian ethnic chic. Ethnicity proudly follows the Indian values of being sensitive to Ahmedabad city, environment and community. It provides a platform to bring together traditional or ethnic 3 retailers and consumers. It recreates the know-how of a traditional ethnic market in a modern retail format and is an aggregator of the multi-faceted ethnic merchandise and traditional selling practices. It revives and rejuvenates anything and everything that is Indian. It aims to truly open out the urban ethnic market and redefine the scale of ethnic merchandising. Ethnic-Theme Positioning at the Store The concept Ethnicity is not limited to ethnic clothing but it is a destination to get the unique experience. The key differentiator for Ethnicity lies in its 360-degree shopping experience. Ethnicitys store design reflects a distinctly ethnic character visual merchandising tools include artifacts, paintings and decor pieces from Rajasthan, Orissa and Gujarat. Visual merchandising at ethnicity is like the synopsis of a story book. Ethnicity has gone the Desi way (Highly traditional) to become attractive and communicative. It is vital to not only be a differentiated retailer but also to draw out the true essence of the products. Branding in ethnic wear has been led by region of origin of the product like Benaresi sarees, Lucknowi kurta, Kutchchi Bandhani. The store is colorfully designed and the flashiness gives it an ambience of luxury and festivity. Atmosphere at Ethincity Store Atmospheric at ethnicity store is a reflection of Indian heritage. Instead of halogen lights, everywhere light is reflected by lanterns. Instead of room freshener or perfumes, a raw fragrant of essential oil from flowers known as attar is used to mesmerizes the entrant and bring them to the Indian culture. All the racks for display of merchandise are developed from wooden and outside decoration is of handicraft, which gives a reflection of Indian art. Instead of having all the racks or shelves for display, few of the merchandise is displayed on cot. Store assistants are dressed in ethnic kurtas for refreshments, Coconut water is served in a lorry (Cart) which gives a flavor of typical Indian culture, on the road serving. Pacific Business Review International 4 Use of multi colors, art and fancy designs, air fragrance and traditional lightings give all time festival feeling experience. market. Chosen name for the market is based on arterial language of India. With the theme of ethnocentrism, the collection represents only Indian brands in all the merchandise. Merchandise at Ethnicity Store All the offerings are divided into a Niche name of Overall Analysis of Ethnicity Store Table 1 Store Sections Generic category name Ethnic name at ethnicity store Women’s wear category Rani market-everything ethnic for women Men’s wear category Raja market-everything ethnic for men Kid’s wear category Chota India market Jewellery/ accessories Sona –chandi market- ethnic Jewellery Home accessories Ghar –aangan- ethnic ideas for your home Stationary/medical items Thoda aur- ethnic accessories and more Source: http://www. indiaretailing. com/organising-ethnic-retail. asp Data Analysis Regular formats of organized retail stores have their specific offerings. While ethnicity store has differentiated the same to give a new experience to the consumers. Based on observation at ethnicity store, the following comparison has been made to derive the differentiation criteria Table 2 Comparative Analysis: Organized Regular Retail Format V/s. Ethnicity Format Parameter Organized Retail Organized retailOutlet outlet Theme A move culture Objective To give exposure to western To give platform to Indian brands culture dynamics and appeal to ethnocentrism Size of the outlet Large size Comparatively small size Structure Vertical departmentation Horizontal departmentation. Availability of brands Global brands Only Indian brands Atmospheric Exclusive halogen lights lantern /yellow lights towards Ethnicity Store Ethnicity store western A move towards Indian legacy Volume 5 Issue 5 (November 2012) 5 Decoration No additional decoration Fully decorated with colors, lamps, handicraft ,puppets etc. -looks like all time festival Music Western songs Indian instrumental Fragrance Room fresheners Raw fragrant of essential oil from flowers known as attar Shelves Racks Along with racks Traditional village themed cots with four legs Merchandise division Products are separate Gender wise product bundling. Apparel gets displayed in one section, accessories other section, footwear another section and so on e. g. Raja market includes apparel ,accessories ,footwear addressing men. Rani market includes apparel, accessories, footwear for women Merchandise name English names Traditional Indian names Store assistant’s dressing Western formal wear Traditional Indian kurta Packaging Plastic printed bags Paper bags with traditional look Merchandise Western outfits western designs and indo- Indian traditional embroidery work outfits with Shoes Mojaris and chappals Indo-western painting Handicraft Cosmetic products. Natural ayurvedic products and aromatherapy Perfumes Incense stick, fragrances Light chandelier Candles and Lantern Artificial jewellery Stone work, Kundan jewellery Refreshments Food court with multi cuisine Small push cart/lorry with coconut water Deliverable Shopping Experience attar, natural Source: Primary data collection through observation Analysis of Consumers Preference Towards Ethnicity Store: Consumers survey has been performed to get insights into their experience towards the format with the help of questionnaire. Respondents were the consumers who visited the ethnicity store. Pacific Business Review International 6 Figure 1 Consumers Preference towards the Market based Merchandise at Ethnicity Store with Mean Rank ( where 1 is least and 5 is maximum) 0 1 2 3 4 5 4. 25 Raja Market 4. 02 Rani Market 2. 80 Chota India 3. 20 Sona Chandi Ghar Aangan 2. 05 4. 15 Thoda aur Source: Primary data collection through questionnaire Consumers preference towards the ethnic theme based markets is analyzed to know the preferred market. This analysis is aimed at developing the market to increase the preference †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Consumers are highly satisfied with Raja Market offerings followed by Rani market and thoda aur market. New introductions in thoda aur market like lamps, candle and fragrances, ayurvedic products etc have grabbed attention of people which gives a lead to introduce more unique and Indian traditional items. Sona chandi market has got a good response. Thus it can be interpreted that fashion accessories in ethnic look are keeping tune with the ethnic garments. As per consumers opinion, Chota India is yet to gain preference may be because of traditional designs that are not preferred more for kids in †¢ comparison to western attractive outfits with cartoon characters Again as per consumers opinion, Ghar aangan is also yet to gain preference may be because of bed sheets, utensils, toys , purchase for rituals like puja ka saaman etc. have pre-existence of established unorganized market. Volume 5 Issue 5 (November 2012) 7 Consumers Preference towards Ethnic Products for Three Most Preferred Markets Figure 2 Preference has been Analyzed towards Offerings for Females as Rani Market Source: Primary data collection through questionnaire Fusion wear and Mix Match are able to attract consumers as it is a new and unique base of ethnic products. As Saari, salwaar kamiz have become a common purchase and many platforms are available to address the demand, preference is found at the moderate level. Figure 3 Preference has been Analyzed towards Offerings for Males as Raja Market Source: Primary data collection through questionnaire In mens wear traditional wear in the form of Jodhpuri, Chudidar and kurtas along with traditional mojaris have attracted consumers to larger extent Pacific Business Review International 8 Figure 4 Preference has been Analyzed towards Offerings for Thoda Aur Market Source: Primary data collection through questionnaire Full range of Fragrances and Candles Incense has been introduced by ethnicity store. It has got extra ordinary preference of consumers. Thus it has contributed towards maintenance of Indian legacy Consumers preference towards Aromatherapy Aromatherapy is the use of aromatic plant oils, including essential oils, for psychological and physical wellbeing. Aroma therapists blend therapeutic essential oils especially for each individual and suggest methods of use such as topical application, massage, inhalation or water immersion to stimulate the desired responses. Aroma therapy oils may include : †¢ Peppermint Digestive disorders †¢ Rosemary Muscular pains, mental stimulant †¢ Sandalwood Depression, anxiety and nervous tension †¢ Sweet orange Depression and anxiety. †¢ Tea tree Respiratory problems, antifungal, antibacterial and antiviral †¢ Lavender Headaches, insomnia, burns, aches and pain Ethnicity store has provided the platform for Aromatherapy. Full range of essential oils has been displayed to generate the awareness and preference towards the same. It is aimed at generating awareness towards ayurvedic medicine in the arena of allopath for better and secure treatment. Ethnicity has taken maiden initiative to mould the consumers psychology towards naturopath. (Graph on next page) It can be interpreted from figure-5 that first hand response has been satisfactory with 49% for. Aromatherapy and thus it enjoys the potential to increase the preference in future. The atmospheric of traditional products is supporting the purchase of traditional way of health supplements. The advice and explanation given along with the product has played important role in making realization to go for natural products Volume 5 Issue 5 (November 2012) 9 Figure 5 Preference has been Analyzed for Aroma Therapy Source: Primary data collection through questionnaire Figure 6 Analysis of Consumers Satisfaction towards Ethnicity Store: Consumers level of satisfaction towards the differentiated offerings has been analyzed. Such analysis is aimed at identifying the most appealing differentiation for future positioning of the store and developing the strategies that may lead to future satisfaction Competitive Assessment Matrix with Mean Rank ( Where 1 is least and 5 is maximum) Regular Organized Retail Formats and Ethnicity Store Consumers’ satisfaction on competitive assessment matrix 0 1 2 3 4 5 4. 05 4. 95 Theme 2. 30 2. 60 Price 3. 25 4. 00 Variety 3. 94 4. 35 Display 4. 00 Experience Source: Primary data collection through questionnaire Keys : Regular organized retail outlets Ethnicity store 5. 00 Pacific Business Review International 10 †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢. Competitive assessment matrix depicts that ethnicity theme is highly appealing to the people. The differentiation point of giving experience to the consumers than only to provide a platform for shopping is getting correct positioning in the mind set of consumers as it is applauded by consumers with the mean rank of 4. 95. Unique display of ethnicity is highly appreciated by consumers in comparison to regular organized retail formats. On the dimension of variety ethnicity is lagging behind in comparison, the contributing reason may be limited number of Indian brands into each category. As far as pricing is concerned none of the outlets satisfied the consumers expectation. It brings out the fact that price structure is too high. Here opportunity lies with ethnicity store to discriminate pricing strategy to get competitive edge over other formats. It might be feasible to reformulate the pricing strategy due to nationalized brands. †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Suggestions †¢ Major Findings †¢ †¢ †¢ Ethnicity is indeed a revolutionary move towards consumers ethnocentrism. National players have also joined hands with the big retailer and accepted the opportunity to address the mass market. Thus it has contributed to a greater extent in providing a wider platform to small retailer of India. Further is has contributed towards generating awareness of ethnic products and brands of allover India which were not noticed by the consumers and importance was not realized by consumers. It is an absolutely unique model into organized retail formats. Everything starting from atmospherics to collection of brands, merchandise display and packaging is uniquely positioned with the nationalized theme. It provides a feel-good factor and thrilling experience to the consumers. Consumers are getting attracted by the theme and getting exposed and penetrated by ethnic products. Today consumers look for fashionable clothes. National brands which were not recognized earlier, have provided a platform of fashion to explore Consumers are highly satisfied with Raja Market offerings followed by Rani market and thoda aur market. Fusion wear, Mix Match, Jodhpuri,Kurtas, Chudidars, Mojaris and fragrances ,candles and incense are able to get preference of people. Aroma therapy is able to get good welcome form the consumers. Ethnic designs are getting acceptance in the form of novelty. In all this innovative concept well applauded by consumers as they are getting exposed to all the variety and designs of products of all the corners of India under one roof. †¢ †¢ †¢ More Indian retailers should be motivated to provide huge collection of ethnic products in the categories of mens wear and womens wear to provide more varieties. There is a need to increase the range of aroma therapy offerings to increase the awareness and consumption. Fragrances, candles and incense offerings have brought Indian values back in the preferences. This has showcased a very good business potential as a whole. There is a need to provide more and more offerings into the segment with more and more varieties. Potential revolutions into existing format of ethnicity for India. Format can be expanded by introducing specialties of major states/cities of India †¢ Rajasthan market Art craft †¢ Jamnagar market-Bandhani Volume 5 Issue 5 (November 2012) †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Bangalore -Silk garments Chennai- Pearl jewellery Kerala market-Spices Format can be expanded by introducing specialty food of major states/cities of India it may help to give a back shift to the consumer trend which is moving towards western food Gujarati food Punjabi food South Indian food Rajasthani food North Indian food Kathiyawadi food Potential revolutions into existing format of ethnicity for other countries. It has been witnessed that countries are getting specialized into technological innovations but spread of such innovations into the same continent reflects questionable behavior of consumers. Many a times it is because of lack of awareness. Such type of format may provide a common platform to explore the small innovative products at consumer end E. g. European countries. Fashion based Ethnicity- As fashion industry is one of the major growing industries in Europe, all fashion statements can be displayed under one platform †¢ Fashion statement of Italy †¢ Fashion statement of France †¢ Fashion statement of United kingdom Technology based ethnicity- Technical Research. innovation driven countries, all innovations can be displayed under one platform †¢ Big to small innovative products of Finland †¢ Big to small innovative products of Germany †¢ IT Renewable technology based products from Sweden †¢ Electric technology innovations of Netherland E. g. Asian Countries 11 Technology based ethnicity. †¢ Robotic technology based innovative small to big products from South Korea Japan References Crysdale and Bettie, 1973, Retrieved from, http:// www. manifolddatamining. com /html /products/ ethnicmarketing. htm on 15/02/2012 Anuradha Shukla, Ethnic wear market booms in India retrieved from http://wonderwoman. intoday. in/ story/ethnic-wear-market-booms-in-india/1/ 88440. html http://indiatoday. intoday. in/story/ethnic-wear-marketto-grow/1/124981. html retrieved on 06/02/2012 koregaonparkplaza, pune (2011) retrieved from http:// w w w. k o r e g a o n p a r k p l a z a . c o m / s t o r s details. asp? id=77catid=1st=1 retrieved on 06/ 02/2012 Runul Vashistha, (2009) retrieved from http:// www. indiar et a iling. com/ R et ailC oncep t _ details. aspx? Id=58 retrieved on 02/02/2012 Pooja nair, (2009). retrieved from http://ahmedabad. metromela. com/Lamps+and+ethnic+ wear+at+. Ethnicity/article/3183 retrieved on 15/02/2012 Shailesh Shah, (2012). Ethnicity: Towards organising ethnic retail, retrieved from http: // www. indiaretailing. com/organising-ethnicretail. asp retrieved on 02/02/2012 http://www. pantaloonretail. in/pdf/ethnicity_karigari. pdf Reference Book Jr. Churchill Gilbert A. , Lacobucci Dawn, Israel D. , (2009),Marketing Research- A South Asian Perspective, India Edition, Delhi: Cencage Learning. Additional material Leaflet circulated at ethnicity store 12 Glossary Attar: A fragrant of essential oil typically made from rose petals Ayurvedic: It is a Hindu system of traditional medicine native to India and a form of alternative medicine. Ayurveda can be defined as a system, which uses the inherent principles of nature, to help maintain health in a person by keeping the individuals body, mind and spirit in perfect equilibrium with nature Bandhani: A process of patterning cloth by tie-dyeing in which the design is reserved on the undyed cloth by tying small spots very tightly with thread to protect them from the dye especially popular in Rajasthan and India Chappal: An item of Indian footwear, similar to a flipflop with a toe strap Chota (India market): Younger, junior child related products. Pacific Business Review International Kundan Jewellery: Kundan is a traditional Indian gemstone jewelry, a method of gem setting in a jewellery piece, consisting of inserting gold foil between the stones and its mount, usually used to create elaborate necklaces believed to have originate in royal courts of Rajasthan and Gujarat. It is the oldest form of jewellery made and worn in India Kurta: A knee-length, collarless shirt worn over pajamas by men in India Mojaris: A style of South Asian handcrafted footwear mostly using vegetable-tanned leatherproduced in India Organized retail: Organized retail has been defined as a network of similarly branded stores with an element of self service Raja (Market): A prince, chief, or ruler related products in India Rani (Market): Indian princess related products Ethnicity: Ethnicity implies common customs, values, and attitudes within a group of people who are bound by a common cultural identification Saree: a dress worn primarily by Hindu women; consists of several yards of light material that is draped around the body Ethnic groups: A group of people who share a common descent, a sense of collective identity and usually a shared cultural heritage and tradition Sona-chandi (market)-Gold silver related products/jewellery Ethnic Marketing: Ethnic marketing is an important aspect of lifestyle marketing, a strategy that tailors a companys products and services towards the customers lifestyles Ghar -aangan (market):Home decoration related products Handicraft: Items made by hand, often with the use of simple tools, and are generally artistic and/or traditional in nature . They are the objects of utility and objects of decoration. Incense stick: It is composed of aromatic biotic materials, which release fragrant smoke when burned Thoda aur (market): somewhat more than the existing here in the context of more than the regular offerings.

Strategy for Innovation and Development in Latin America

Strategy for Innovation and Development in Latin America Fernando Vela ABSTRACT Latin America has grades development opportunities due to its great natural wealth. The universities are a fundamental part of this development because they are encouraging their students to develop their capacity for innovation. The universities are creating a series of programs to help the innovation and development of Latin America. These programs are based on the relationships that exist between different universities, so they can share ideas and innovation and development projects. It is also based on reference the model for the University Social Responsibility in explaining the 4 key points for the development and the innovation. This will help improve the economy in Latin America. INTRODUCTION Mark Twain says: A man with a new idea is a crazy until the idea triumphs. Latin America is a characterized as one of the regions of the world with greater opportunities for growth and development. Latin America has opportunities for growth and the universities are the key to this growth. Those countries that it makes up are rich in resources natural and talented human. However, in its population there are great contrasts in the distribution of wealth. For this reason, there is still poverty in Latin America. Â  Countries that make up Latin America have sufficient natural riches and to face the future with optimism. Universities are a key part of the momentum of the entrepreneurial activity in Latin America. It is a source of knowledge for their students and the society, has a positive influence in these. One of the ways in which universities have extended their contributions in the field of entrepreneurship, is through the creation of networks taking into account the model for the university social responsibility. In Latin America the majority of universities seek to give students an education with innovative skills. For this reason, the students develop their creative capacities and seek solutions to problems that exist in Latin America. This is the only way in which students can help the development and entrepreneurship in Latin America, because it began to create new sources of employment and help that every country that makes up Latin America continue proceeding. Countries of Latin America with higher and lower index of innovation In Latin America there are countries that have an index very high of developments in the last time. It is the case of Colombia and Chile. In the past few years, Chile has been growing in the topic of innovation, ecosystems and mainly in the undertaking. Start-Up Chile was the beginning of a revolution in this area, since developed a great program that was not limited to the local. But this does not stop there, until in the south, in their universities, is planning to develop and enhance dynamic entrepreneurship (Andrade, 2015) Colombia ranks fourth in the list of countries with the highest number of innovative entrepreneurship in initial phase, behind Chile. Colombia has conditions such as a high activity of enterprises in the early phase, a significant percentage of innovation and ambition of growth of young companies. Colombia shows a high rate of entrepreneurship and a large proportion of them are innovative and with the ambition to grow. A large number of entrepreneurs is introducing products or services in the Colombian market, which before were not available and that is good. (Kelley, 2015) According to Kelley, both in Chile and Colombia, the only Latin American countries included on the list, people can see entrepreneurship as a way to provide an income when there is not better alternative to the employment. Venezuela suffers an economic crisis due to the low cost of petroleum. This country depended only of oil and for that reason the Venezuelan people is concerned. The development and innovation in this country is the lowest according to a study carried out. This study indicates that due to the crisis that confronts Venezuela companies are deterred from investing in Venezuela. (Pardo, 2014) Universities in Latin America propose a momentum for innovation From a point of view of research, universities such as the Autonomous of Nuevo Leon University conducted several studies that enhance the entrepreneurship and innovation; highlights the study of them different types of strategies of collaboration or bonding and its contribution to the amount of development of projects of research and development technological for improve it management and efficiency in the generation of projects of research and development technological and innovation in organizations. In the case of the Catholic of Uruguay University, there was a strong work for developing entrepreneurship and innovation through education by competences, where through their actions seeks to develop the entrepreneurial spirit of its students support to entrepreneurship of students and graduates to investigate the profile of the Entrepreneur. The Popular autonomous of the State of Puebla University is an institution that also has with a program to promote the entrepreneurship which is plans to from the constructivism and the connectivism, and has as strategy didactic perform projects training and solve problems, form character, develops the auto learning, gives tools of management, is flexible, links to the student until where it decides to, creates environments, networks of collaboration and partnerships. Highlights also the technological of Monterrey, institution that from makes more than thirty years has designed various strategies to foster the culture entrepreneurial through it innovation and the generation of value. This institution has an Institute that aims to ensure that all students develop and strengthen their entrepreneurial spirit, which has worked hard in implementing the following strategies: develop attitudes and entrepreneurial skills; study and propose to advance the State of the art in the field of entrepreneurship; facilitate the creation and development of enterprises for students with interest; positioning and communication; and partnerships and collaboration (Toledo, 2014) Reference the model for the University Social Responsibility Organization. Where it is analyzed as the business school incorporates between its management the themes of innovation and entrepreneurship, teaching with example. Education. Where are reviewed and analyzed the way in which each business school uses techniques and tools and approaches for the formation of the competencies of their students in these topics. Research. In where is identify the areas priority of study and research relevant that impact to your region or community and their forms of disclosure Participation. Where it seeks to have practical results with an impact on the surrounding communities so that in a collaborative effort students and researchers applied in real situations their knowledge and experience, leaving testimony in companies and agencies in the region of successful projects. (Toledo, 2014) CONCLUSION The lack of innovation hinders the creation of jobs. The economic situation in Latin America is such that firms tend to start small and remain small. In the last ten years, Latin America has benefited enormously from the favorable winds of the global economy, enabling you to reduce extreme poverty, improve the equality and catapult to 50 million people to the middle class. However, as these favorable winds are diluted, growth will have to come from within, and the innovation and dynamism will be key for the region can take advantage of the social progress of recent years. Employees in Latin America works for companies many times considered as an engine of development, the entrepreneurial spirit generates jobs and spurs economic growth. While the creation of enterprises in the region is high, companies that survive grow at a much lower rate than their counterparts in other regions. Latin America has a wealth that is not developed by the lack of innovation and entrepreneurship. For this universities are generating more development in Latin America with their innovation projects. References Andrade, M. (2015, JUNIO 1). LA TERCERA . Retrieved from LA TERCERA: http://www.latercera.com/noticia/chile-es-lider-en-america-latina-en-materia-de-emprendimiento/ Kelley, D. (2015, enero 21). Ejecutiva. Retrieved from Ejecutiva: http://mba.americaeconomia.com/articulos/notas/colombia-ocupa-el-cuarto-puesto-en-listado-de-paises-con-mayor-numero-de Pardo, D. (2014, NOVIEMBRE 18). BBC WORLD. Retrieved from BBC MUNDO : http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2014/11/141117_venezuela_precio_petroleo_dp Toledo, L. A. (2014). Innovation and entrepreneurship in the light of the Latin American context . LIMA: CLADEA.

Kangaroo Circulatory System

Kangaroo Circulatory System What are the differences and similarities between the anatomy and physiology of a cat and dog, (a placental mammal) and the anatomy and physiology of a kangaroo? Well, you are about to find out. Introductory information such as outer appearance and behavior will be discussed, such as height, hair coat, speed, and more. Also, all eight body systems: skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, circulatory system and respiratory system, digestive system and urinary system, and reproductive system will be covered. The reproductive system is the most interesting system because the embryo does not mature in the mothers womb but in her pouch. In Australia, the only place on earth where kangaroos are found, there are no native hoofed animals. Kangaroos are tall, standing 5 to 6 feet, and alert, with long necks, and large ears that swivel, their eyes are also located on the side of their head to allow a full range of vision, and these are all characteristics of herbivores. Overall weight of kangaroos can vary from 50 to 120 pounds. The average lifespan is four to six years, however in captivity they can live for more than twenty years under the right conditions. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) They are also night dwelling animals. Kangaroos live in groups, called mobs that help alert others of predators. Their heads are small with short and soft muzzles, large nostrils, and a divided upper lip. The kangaroo has a narrow but deep chest with pronounced collarbones. They are unable to move their back legs separately. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) Their tail is at least as long as their body. Kangaroos have a course coat that i s very thick; it has a wooly like texture. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) Male kangaroos are much larger than females (up to four times) and their fur coat is more reddish-brown, while the females coat is bluish-gray. As males age their chest becomes broader and their forelimbs become increasingly muscular. The red kangaroo can jump up to 30 feet long and reach speeds of 30 miles per hour. The smaller gray kangaroo can jump 44 feet. They cannot move backwards but their tail can act as a fifth limb. The tail supports the back end while it leans on its forelimbs, and their hind limbs are swung forward. The hind feet can be up to 14 inches in length with hairless soles, covered instead by hard calloused skin. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) The three most abundant species are the eastern gray, the western gray and red kangaroo together number in the tens of millions. Every year millions of these species and thousands of other species are harvested. The skins are made into rugs a nd clothing and their meat (formerly used as pet food) is now sold for human consumption. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) They are also very good swimmers and will get in the water in order to get away from predators when they need to. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) When chased by hunters with dogs they will make for water and turn on the dog and hold it under water in order to drown it. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) Kangaroos are oddly shaped animals. This is due to their skeleton. A kangaroos backbone is comprised of 49-53 vertebrae: 7 in the neck, 21-25 in the tail, and 13 dorsal. The dorsal vertebrae have long projections which allow for the large muscles of the limbs to attach. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) The clavicle is very pronounced. The humerus is about half the length of the radius and ulna. The lumbar vertebrae are extremely large to allow support for the jumping movement of the kangaroo. The pelvis has two processes called the epipubic bones, which is present in both sexes. These bones help support the pouch in females, but have no purpose in males. These bones evolved from reptiles and were lost in placental mammals during evolution. The hind limbs have very pronounced Achilles tendons that store energy for when the animal hops. The femur is much shorter than the tibia, fibula, and metatarsals. This creates the great length of the legs and allows for the long distance jumps. The fourth and fifth toes on the kangaroos hind limbs bear the animals weight. The third and second toes are fused by skin and have a double claw at the tip and the first toe is absent. The hind limbs are very large to allow stabilization when standing upright and acts as a spring when it bounds, while th e forelimbs are very small and similar to a humans arm with five digits. They use the forelimbs to manipulate food. Kangaroos have no kneecaps because the ankles prevent the foot from rotating sideways. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) The kangaroos skull is very small, delicate, and thin which, allows kangaroos to be killed easily by a blow to the head. The palate is incomplete with spaces in the bones. The articulation of the jaw allows sideways movement for grinding, and opening and shutting movements for biting and munching. Kangaroos have three pairs of incisor teeth in the upper jaw and one pair in the lower jaw. The lower and upper teeth do not line up which allows the front teeth to escape wear and tear when the animal grinds its teeth. But, if their teeth do get worn down over time, their bodies are designed to handle it. If the tooth is ground down it will fall out and new teeth that grow in the back of the mouth will move forward into the empty spaces. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) Thus, an old kangaroo may only have two molars in place after the others have been shed. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) The front teeth are separated by the molars by a gap called the diastema. The canine teeth are only hous ed in the upper jaw. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) The requirement for the kangaroo to jump creates powerful hind limb muscles and very strong elastic tendons. Kangaroos have 23 muscles in the proximal hind limb. The biceps femoris is a large muscle lying in the caudo-lateral part of the thigh. The caudofemoralis is a large muscle lying in the lateral aspect of the hip. The abductor cruris caudalis is a small muscle lying in the caudal part of the thigh. The semitendinosus is a muscle lying in the caudal part of the thigh and extending from the ischium to the medial surface of the crus. The semimembranosus is a muscle lying in the caudo-medial part of the thigh between the adductor and semitendinosus muscles. The adductor is a large triangular muscle lying in the caudo-medial part of the thigh. The quadrates femoris is a deep tendinous muscle extending from the ischium to the femur. The pectineus is a small muscle in the medial part of the thigh lying between the quadriceps femoris and adductor muscles. The gracilis is a superficial muscle lying in the caudo-medial part of the thigh. The vastus lateralis is a powerful muscle lying in the cranio-lateral part of the thigh. The rectus femoris is a deep muscle lying in the cranial part of the thigh. The vastus intermedius is a deep muscle lying in the cranial part of the thigh adjacent to the femur. The vastus medialis is a superficial muscle lying in the medial part of the thigh between mm. pectineus and tensor fasciae latae. The sartorius is a muscle lying in the cranio-medial part of the thigh extending from tuber coxae to the stifle joint. The gluteus superficialis is a muscle extending from the tuber coxae to the greater trochanter of the femur. The gluteus medius is a large muscle lying in the lateral part of the hip. The gluteus profundus is a deep muscle of the hip lying on the dorsal surface of the body of the ilium. The tensor fasciae latae is a small superficial muscle lying in the cranio-medial part of the thigh. The piriformis is a small muscle lying d eep to the caudofemoralis extending from the proximal caudal vertebrae to the femur. The obturatorius externus is a deep muscle of the hip lying in the ventral surface of the pelvis. The gemelli are two small muscles lying in the space between the proximal caudal surface of the femur and the ischium. The obturatorius internus is a small thin muscle lying on the dorsal surface of the ischium just caudal to the obturator foramen. The iliopsoas is a muscle lying ventral to the caudal lumbar vertebrae and the shaft of the ilium). (Hopwood Butterfield, 1976) They also have a long muscular tail that acts as a counterbalance when bounding and a stabilizer when feeding. The tail can support the entire animals body weight. The tail also is supported by numerous tendons that connect to the pelvis. The reason cats for example cannot use their muscles for jumping as efficiently as a kangaroo, is because their forelimbs touch the ground. Every time their front feet touch the ground they act as brakes. The tail acts as a counterbalance to allow the kangaroo from landing on its face. Hoping uses a lot of energy but, once they get going the movement becomes self-sustaining. The tendons of the animals legs and tail act like springs in a pogo stick. Considering this, they can easily outrun any predator so; they are able to live in the open environment. The muscles in the thighs and tail are not only used for hoping, they are also used for fighting in males and protection for females and their young. When males fight they will lock their forelimbs and wrestle. Each tries to unbalance the other then uses its tail to balance so its hind legs can lash forward and land a punishing double blow. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) Kangaroos have a small brain relative to their body size. On average the brain is 2 or 3 inches long and weighs 2 ounces, thus representing only about 0.1 percent of the animals body weight. The two cerebral hemispheres are much smaller than those of a placental mammal of the same size. Kangaroos lack a corpus callosum. This is the brain tissue that, in placental mammals, links the two hemispheres of the brain. Instead kangaroos have a fasciculus aberrans. Considering kangaroos leave the womb and continue development in the pouch they need to develop rudimentary senses early. These senses are smell and gravity, so that it can climb into the pouch. Adult kangaroos have good eyesight and night vision. Scent is also pronounced in kangaroos and males have a scent gland on their chest that leaks into the fur. The odor is very nasty to humans; therefore, they are sometimes nicknamed stinkers. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) Kangaroos are normally silent animals, but sometime will give a sho rt, harsh bark when angry or alarmed. Females make clucking sounds to call their joeys to their sides. Also most kangaroos will use an urgent drumming or thumping of their hind feet on the ground to signal danger. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) The circulatory system and respiratory system of kangaroos is very similar to placental mammals systems. A kangaroos heart is about the size of a humans heart. They have a closed system with arteries running away from the heart and veins running to the heart. The blood receives oxygen from the lungs and transports it throughout the body by red blood cells. Differences from other mammals are the absence of the interventricular sulcus, the great development of the auricles, the plentiful trabecula carneae, and the origin and distribution of the arterial irrigation and venous irrigation which have intramyocardiac localization. (Lima, Mendez, and Perez, 2009) Kangaroos tend to avoid sweating in the arid Australian heat because it could create problems such as dehydration. They only sweat when they are hoping because, when they are moving, the air passes over the body as an effective way to dissipate the heat generated by exercise. Therefore, when they are not hoping around they find oth er means to cool off such as wallowing in pools, lying in the shade, and coming out to feed in the dark. Also, the peripheral circulatory system helps dissipate heat. The skin of the forearms is well supplied with blood vessels and the kangaroo will lick them and cover them in moist saliva which speeds up the rate of heat loss. Kangaroos will also pant like a dog. By breathing fast they keep a flow of air moving down the moist lining of the windpipe and lungs. Air that becomes saturated with water in the throat and lungs is continuously exchanged for new dry air which maximized the rate of evaporation thus the rate of cooling. The temperature of kangaroos is just slightly lower than that of placental mammals. This is thought to be because at running at a lower temperature they use less energy and is better able to cope with food shortages and other hardships. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) Kangaroos mainly eat grass, but they will also eat shrubs and even fungus. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) Their ancestors were forest dwellers that mainly ate fruit, tubers, and succulent leaves. When evolution began the forest began to be replaced by shrubs and grassland. Kangaroos were the first and only large native animals that grazed, and thus flourished. Their sharp incisors allowed them to cut grass very close to the roots. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) Grass is low in energy and nutrients and because of this kangaroos need to eat a lot of it to sustain themselves. Their stomachs are very large and chambered with long intestines to create a very efficient digestive system. When the stomach is full it can account for more than one-seventh of the animals body weight. On average though, kangaroos eat less than similar size herbivores such as cattle. A kangaroos digestion is far more efficient and will extract every last ounce of nutrition from the food, while a sheep or cow reli es on food becoming continuously available, processing large quantities rapidly and less thoroughly. In kangaroos the grass is ground enough to moisten it and then swallow it whole and then stored in the mid stomach where bacteria break down the cellulose. In cows, food is partially broken down in the rumen area of the stomach and is returned to the mouth for further chewing. Kangaroos take a very long time to chew their food to turn it into a fine pulp before swallowing because of the food staying in the mid stomach rather than being regurgitated like a cow. As stated above the stomach is multichambered or sacculated. Food passes slowly through the different compartments which are separated by bands of muscle that pucker the lining at different intervals. The elongated middle section acts as a fermentation chamber. Their long intestines allow time for full absorption of the nutrients. Kangaroos that feed on lush green grass do not do as well as kangaroos that feed on dry, shriveled grass. This is because fresh grass contains a lot of water which does not allow as much energy and takes up more stomach space. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) Kangaroos do not release methane from their bodies; instead they use it for energy. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) Considering the arid climate kangaroos may go weeks without water and thus will lick the dew off of the leaves and rocks and use all of the available moisture in their food. If they desperately need water they will use their feet to dig deep into the ground until they find it. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) They conserve water by producing concentrated urine and produce dry hard pellets, and they avoid the need to sweat by feeding at dawn and dusk and resting in shady areas during the day. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) Female kangaroos, called does, have two wombs and two vaginas for mating purposes. The male kangaroos, called bucks; scrotum is located in front of the penis. The young, called joeys are born as an embryo through a third, central vagina which develops when giving birth. This area is similar to a vagina in placental mammals and opens adjacent to the digestive tract in the cloaca. In most marsupials the opening closes after each litter but after the first birth in kangaroos it becomes a permanent structure. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) While in the womb, the embryo is surrounded by a thin membrane secreted by the uterus wall similar to that of an eggshell in a reptile. Inside this membrane the embryo is nourished by its own yolk. The beginning of a placenta forms as the yolk runs out but never completely forms because the baby is born soon after, still in the embryo stage. The baby is born 30 days after conception, and the membrane and fluids are born with it and are eaten by the mother. A newborn kangaroo is less than an inch long (about the size of a lima bean) and weighing about 0.03 ounces; it has no eyes or fur and its back legs are mere buds. The only help the mother gives is to sit back on her tail to reduce the risk of the baby falling off and licking a path in her fur for the embryo to crawl into her pouch. The journey takes about three minutes of swimming through the fur with just its forelimbs. Once inside the pouch the baby is exhausted and attaches to the teat for the next six months or more. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) The teat provides them with nourished milk from a mammary gland. Once the baby attaches to the teat it swells inside its mouth so it does not have to exert energy to hold on. The baby remains attached to the teat for weeks. Female kangaroos are equipped with four teats but a joey will only use one. The milk will change nutrients as the baby grows and develops. As the baby is allowed to leave the pouch and hop around the mother may already have another embryo inside the pouch that has its own supply of completely different milk. The milk for the embryo is very thin to allow easy digestion for their underdeveloped digestive systems. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) Kangaroos are able to breed whenever the opportunity arises buy can also abandon the process if conditions get tough, therefore, mating will normally take place during the rainy season. This is unlike placental mammals which are committed once fertilization occurs. If food is scarce when the baby is born it may not survive and the mother has also reduced her chances of survival for no reason. By giving birth to such a small baby, kangaroos make a small initial investment. Males often cannot produce sperm during the dry season if food is scarce. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) The estrus cycle of a kangaroo is two days longer than its gestation period. Unlike other mammals whose estrus cycle stops when they become pregnant, kangaroos are able to mate successfully just a day or so after giving birth. The cycle then stops only if the first baby, now in the pouch, latches onto a teat and begins to suckle. At this point hormones send the second baby, only containing 90 cells, into a state of suspended animation known as embryonic diapause. The embryo resumes development only if a change in the milk production signals that the first offspring will vacate the pouch soon. Joey number two will be born two days after its older sibling leaves the pouch for the last time and the female will soon mate again. The female wastes no time between births; and if the joey in the pouch is lost the mother has a back-up baby developing and does not need to wait to go into estrus or find a mate. (Marshall Cavendish Corporation, 2010) This is thought to be an adaption for recovering population numbers quickly after a drought. (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2012) Females can also determine the sex of her offspring. In the early years of mating she will prefer female babies but, the older she gets she will prefer male babies. Kangaroos really enjoy caring for their joeys; if one gets lost they will spend all their time searching for it and not eating. Many kangaroos will become very depressed when they get older and can no longer reproduce; during this time they will start to spend more time with younger females in the mob that have their own joeys. (Infoqis Publishing Co., 2009) Therefore, kangaroos are very unique animals. The skeletal system differences include the absence of a kneecap and first toe, the presence of epipubic bones, and their teeth fall out and can be replaced. The muscular system differences include the strong tail muscles. The nervous system differences include the lack of a corpus callosum. The circulatory and respiratory system is very similar to placental mammals such as cats and dogs. The digestive system includes a chambered stomach like a cow. The urinary system of the kangaroo conserves water by creating concentrated urine. Finally, the reproduction system differs by the baby developing in the pouch after 30 days in the womb and producing different milk concentrations for different aged joeys.

Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck Essay -- Papers Chry

Symbolism in The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck At first glance John Steinbeck's "The Chrysanthemums' seems to be a story of a woman whose niche is in the garden. Upon deeper inspection, the story reveals strong symbolisms of children, vulnerability, and connection--being the most important, of the main character. Elisa Allen is the main character who is at her strongest and most proud in the garden and weakened when she becomes vulnerable and loses her connection to the outer world. Elisa shows a new aura of confidence when she makes this connection to a peddler, who also is the cause of her realization of reality and her crying. The chrysanthemums symbolize Elisa's "children." She tends her garden and handles the chrysanthemums with love and care, just as she would handle her own children. Elisa is protective of her flowers and places a fence around them; she makes sure that "no aphids, no sowbugs or snails or cutworms" are t here. "Her terrier fingers destroyed such pests before they could get started" ( 221). These pests represent something that ...

death penalty :: essays research papers

Death Penalty: Revised During this class period today, seven adult men will be falsely accused of committing a serious crime, carrying a penalty of capital punishment. This means approximately 51,000 adult men are falsely accused of committing serious crimes each year. This figure is roughly the number of people who attended Super Bowl-Thirty-Three. Currently, there are 3,500 people on death row in thirty-eight states that support and carry out the death penalty while only twelve states have outlawed it. At the same time, more than half the countries in the world have abolished the death penalty in law or practice. Capital punishment is very relevant to each member of society. It is not just a male only issue. Every single one of us in this room has a father, brother, or significant others who could be affected. Capital punishment in America is morally unjust and should be eliminated because it is cruel and unusual; it kills innocent people; and it is used in a discriminatory manner. Sometimes criminals suffer more during their executions than is anticipated or planned. People sentenced to death are certain to face one of the following methods of execution still practiced today: firing squad, electric chair, lethal injection, gas chamber or hanging. But, injecting with poisonous chemicals, smothering with toxic gases, and electrocuting with high voltage are the preferred methods because bloody human tissues are not strewn about, as with other methods, therefore those people assigned to scour the execution site are less likely to experience psychological trauma. Although tidy, these styles of killing rarely succeed on the first attempt; instead, prisoners regularly suffer intense pain for long periods of time before expiring. According to Seideman, the case of Scotty Sutton is one example of many bungled executions that take place every month. While administering a lethal injection, all the executioner’s attempts to find a vein have failed. Scotty started moaning and heaving in agony signaling a partial dose found his blood stream. Realizing the dose was not enough to end his life the executioner tried several failed attempts in the neck area hoping to find a main artery. Meanwhile, 300 pound, Scotty is still breathing after five minutes into this botched execution. The chemicals that were prepared and on hand have been seriously depleted. In a last ditch effort, the executioner signaled for help and directed a prison staff member to cut away a portion of the thick canvas jacket to expose an area of his chest to deliver a lethal dose directly into his heart; moments later Scotty expired (3).