Planning Function of Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Planning Function of Management - Case Study Examplehonorable issues involve (1) a safe working environment for employees and (2) provide customers with fair and up-to-date culture. In this case, cookery is concerned with the long-term development, its essential character, its personality, its essence. Therefore, planning is concerned with decisions which have enduring effects that are challenging to reverse. WorldCom creates safe and friendly atmosphere which helps employees to increase productivity and avoid conflicts. While planning is a exhibit that should generate receptivity to change and foster a responsive and proactive posture for the staff, it has been suggested that when rigidity is show in the process, the benefits and intent of the process have been lost through misuse (Sims 2003). Fair and up-to-date information is the main requirements applied to all spheres of WorldCom business. Social responsibility issues include (1) fair competition and (2) equal word of all employees in spite of their cultural background, age or gender. WorldCom supposes that planning should be implicitly receptive, all the same flexible, to change or to new ideas if it is to lead a complex bureaucratic agency into a changing environment with some assurance of success. It develops its business strategies and marketing plans in accordance with rules established by the industry. transmutation management helps WorldCom to eliminate cultural and age differences, and provide employee with equal opportunities. The planning process through which a staff progresses may be extremely valuable if the staff is able to confront and clarify its mission, if the cognisance for change in a turbulent environment is afforded greater appreciation and acceptance (Issues in incorporated Social Responsibility 2007).The companys strategic panning is influenced by new products, legal strategies and competition. Managers acknowledge that the steps involved in the process are few and uncomp licated, but the technique and craft, even artistry, are complex. Strategic panning involves stakeholders working jointly to (1) review selected basic considerations or conduct a strategic analysis, (2)

Four Criminal Law Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Four Criminal Law Questions - Research Paper ExampleThinking about stealing a pocketbook is not enough. One must think about it (men rea) and actually steal the purse (actus reus) for there to be a crime.Constructive self-command where an individual has actual hold over situation. He may not necessarily have actual ownership or possession of the same assets. A soulfulness with constructive control is equated as having the same legal position as a person with actual possession. For example, a person may own a car, and have actual possession of it, yet a person who is let the keys and drives the car has constructive possession of the car.Actual possession is actual control or ownership of an item or piece of property. In the example above, champion has actual possession of a car if it is owned by him. He may give constructive possession away(p) to others who may borrow the car, but still maintain actual possession.Mere possession is the possession of property without ownership of said property. It is the simple physical possession of an item, and does not infer rightful ownership or actual control over the item. No knowledge of the items existance is necessary. It is used in minor pornography cases many times, as mere possession of such pornography, regardless if one looked at it or maintained control over it, is enough. Actual knowledge of the item in ones possession or reach of control is not needed.Knowing possession possession of materials with actual knowledge that the item is in ones control. A higher level of possession than mere possession. Used often in dangerous weapons cases, where possession must be knowing if one didnt actually know there was an extrajudicial item in his control, mere possession is not enough.Criminal omission Omission, or the failure to act, constitutes an actus reus (guilty act) when the practice of law imposes a duty to act, and the defendant breaches that duty. Some may have a medical, contractual duty to act, and

The Current Economic Climate Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Current Economic Climate - Essay ExampleThere ar some quarrels and biggest opportunities facing with new managers entering an industry. The global environment has continuously become a challenge to emergent managers. This reminds them of a very important thing and that is for them to acquire aimful skills in order to execute a high direct of competitive advantage. For instance, in the age of teaching technology (IT), it is no intermin fitting reliable and enough to rely on traditional management system. Modern managers must be able to have important knowledge on how to integrate his or her leadership skills in the midst of significant breakthroughs in atomic number 18as of IT. This is a great challenge among those managers who were trained without prior exposure to a high level of advancement in IT. Very few companies offered IT programs in the onset of online communication, technological innovation in discipline management system and so on. In fact, many managers nowa days are not that star in using various features in IT in leading their personnel especially in companies that require continuous communication and interaction on a daily basis. However, this is an advantage among those emerging managers who are mostly adept and have substantial background in IT. They can all integrate their knowledge in IT in their leadership and in fact, this would make them highly competitive in todays prevailing economical climate. It is the current global trending that for a company or organisation to stay on top and be a cut above the other, various management modifications are necessary and application of IT is just among of them. steering on the other hand is such a complicated turn because it deals personally with the humankind resource with also complex behaviours and needs. Thus, all managers are faced with substantial challenges especially on motivating and applying their skills in the work place, but above all they all are tested with their commi tment (Hawell, 2009). All of these are essential factors in achieving goals of the company. Thus, those managers who are committed are more willing to seek for more information on how to improve performance of their personnel and one of the basic approaches is motivating them. To motivate the entire human resource is another great challenge. In times of downward spiraling economy for instance, the managers must be able to apply substantial moves especially among those employees who are asking for more financially from the economic hold up point. It requires not just constant communication, but ample opportunities in motivating them even without the need to use monetary equivalence. In other words, the managers must be able to apply their skills and full potential in creating more innovative approaches in motivating the human resource to function effectively most especially in both promising and challenging economic times. This is both a challenge and opportunity for emerging manage rs as they would substantially focus on innovation, and apply modern approach in management. Another point, either business is faced with competition and this is how it is for the rest of almost all organisations around the world. Competition simply is everywhere. Thus, every manager therefore must be geared with substantial knowledge on this issue. A helpful style of leadership might be required and that would ensure substantial use of communication process (Hartwig, 2008). In this approach, emerging managers have the full advantage as they

International Business Negotiation Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

International Business negotiation Case - Essay Exampleout of business. In addition, beca subprogram Eurodata is more successful than Tanaka, coming up with the best(p) deal is important because the competition will be formidable. Systrop S.A. could also decide to seek a licensing apprehension with Tanaka. The pros of this choice involve allowing Systrop S.A. to use a proven technology by paying a evidence fee instead of incurring the costs of maintenance and development of the technology. In addition, Tanaka will also energise a good deal because they will get a return without incurring costs, which will ease Systrop in negotiations. The cons of licensing include the fact that Systrop S.A. will be dependent on Tanaka with regards to technology, while Tanaka could also use this for negotiation of better terms (Wolter 57).Systrop S.A. possess some extra resources in relation to the other players. First, it has s headed into a position of prominence in the micro-analyzer industry , compared to Tropimatics that has dealt more with computers than micro-analyzers in particular (Wolter 65). Systrop S.A. also has a well renowned brand name when it comes to micro-analyzers in Tropicalia, while it has also been exporting its micro-analyzers compared to the other companies seeking enounce ventures with big micro-analyzer companies. Issues that Systrop could be flexible in include ownership and pricing of technology. Those issues that they should be firm on include financing, local content and exports, and their ability to take up government incentives (Wolter

Mergers and acquisitions process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mergers and acquisitions process - hear ExampleDespite these findings, companies continue to adopt an M&A scheme for several springs.One reason is that M&A meets the desire of firms to survive by growing. Another is that the bidding firm either has secrete cash flow (and cash is king) or wants to stand the free cash flow of the point firm. A third reason points to so-called agency problems between the managers of the bidding firm and the owners of the firm, where managers want to get a larger share of the rewards for taking risks and managing the firm. Another reason is that managers of the bidding firm are incontrovertible and proud. The fifth reason is the bidding firm might gain some benefits by implementing the M&A strategy that, by putting two firms together, may result in valuable, rare, and costly to imitate rewards. It quite a little also happen that a bidding firm sees some hidden sources of competitive advantage in the target that competitors do not see or that the managers of a target firm either do not realize or could not turn into a source of competitive advantage. This is where a bidder shag be justified for merging with or buying a target firm because the two firms would produce an added advantage (synergy) over other competitors through economies of scope or scale.Implementing M&A is difficult and demands in truth good managers because the cultures of both firms may be very different. In the case of international M&A, this strategy may be costly because of differences in country cultures (like when Renault of France bought Nissan of Japan) and would need good managers to succeed. An ideal cross-country M&A is one where economies of scope can be gained without having to integrate the different firm and country cultures. pillowcase 3-1 eBayeBay is a pioneer online auction firm that had to decide how to create more value from a raw(a) strategy of going into on-line auction mistake selling to increase gross revenue. Drop-off selling r efers to selling items online for other people, with a seller or consignee collecting items for sale from the client or consignor. The consignee handles the whole leaning and selling process and then pays the proceeds of the sale to the client, less the commission. This would capture sellers who have items to sell except who neither have the time nor the patience to advertise these items on-line.The companys initial success, built on a first-mover advantage as an on-line auction site, became the foundation for a cost leadership growth strategy achieved by offering low listing fees. In the process of accelerated growth in numbers of customers and sales volume, eBay developed into an on-line community that offered unmatched speed, safety, and security through an effective member feedback mechanism where users rated distributively other for every transaction made.eBays profits grew by attracting more buyers and building the infrastructure needed to bridge over both buyers and selle rs. However, like brick-and-mortar shops, eBays sales were seasonal, spiking during the holiday season but remaining flat the rest of the year. The drop-off selling strategy, a form of diversification into a related business that would add value to the affectionateness business of on-line auctions, was designed to increase customer traffic to its sites by making it easier for sellers to list their goods and for buyers to bonk a wider variety of products to choose from. It also allowed eBay to transact high value-added items and compete with the more established

Political science paper- comparative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

g overnmental science paper- comparative - Essay ExampleThe hypothesis adopts the normal of consensus decision qualification and majority rule. In an occurrence where a decision cannot be reached through consensus, a decision is reached through the majority rule by voting. The type of voting embraced by this theory involves one that does not regard formerity. Every party of individual affected by the decision make exploit is effectively considered in terms of representation in the decision making process (Gutmann & Dennis 57). Deliberative representative theory also represents representative nation and direct democracy. In an argument by Ross thoughtful democracy refer to representative bodies that give allude chance to its members to deliberate on a decision making procedure without uneven distribution of military group due to authority or position an individual holds (87). Another definition of the theory given by Gutmann & Dennis depicts deliberative democratic theor y refers to the system of governance where the lay citizens are given the power of making decisions (87). Generally, this theory acts with respect to democracy where every person is entitled to a decision or sentiment and the thought or ruling is considered in a decision making process. The decision making process in this theory may be represented in tow forms depending on the parties involved. The decision making may be based on the elitist deliberative democracy or populist deliberative democracy. In elitist deliberative democracy, the involved parties use the social decision making bodies such as courts and legislatures to rule over a dispute or direct a decision making process. In the populist deliberative democracy the power is given to the people to decide on the opinion or decision to uphold. In an argument by Gutmann & Dennis the power given to the people is more significant than using decision making bodies since there is a higher probability that public opinion will be r epresented (132). The author further argues that populist deliberative democracy theory generates decisions that may be significant to the lives of involved citizens since their opinion will be greatly considered in the decision making process. Characteristics The characteristics that apply in deliberative democratic theory are greatly similar to the provision of any consensus approach. There are five characteristics of the theory I. Information In any decision making process there are numerous data that are required in order to have a complete validation of option. In deliberative democratic theory, this information should be provided to all involved parties in the decision making process. Additionally, the information provided to the participants should be accurate and relevant to the consensus being held. Gutmann & Dennis argue that the theory may be distorted if the information provided to participants is biased, distorted or incomplete (122). II. Substantive balance All argum ents considered in this theory should be met by reverse gear arguments that support the arguments. According to Ross the opinions the participants bring forth should be supported by relevant and significant take the stand in order for

Introduction and conclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Introduction and conclusion - Essay Exampleout a group of plurality and imposing such restrictions to their fundamental rights is also tantamount to a violation of the equal protection article guaranteed by the XIV Amendment.1Is the act of performing voluntary work by the Ontario High School Students as a condition or requisite to graduate violative of their freedom and the equal protection article? Is it not true that sometimes respective(prenominal) freedom may be curtailed or the exercise of the alike be limited for the benefit of the larger group of people? Is it not also true that in that respect is no violation of the equal protection clause when there is a rational basis scum bag the restriction or grouping?When one is compelled to do something against ones will or at peril of exhalation to oneself there is a violation of the freedom guaranteed by the US Constitution.2 To compel the Ontario High School students to do volunteer work at the cost of not graduating if one do es not comply is violative of their individual freedom. there is no rational basis for the curtailment of such right. No greater good is brought to the large population. Lacking a rational basis and serving no legitimate state purpose this is a burden that also violative of the equal protection clause.3 This condition must be stricken off. There is no room for such unreasonable restrictions in the halls of learning where individualism and freedom is meant to take wing and fly to soar and create bigger and greater things for humanity to appreciate and

Labor Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Labor Relations - Essay Example ground on this premise the federation agrees good relationship with its employees and this is the basic fact behind the success that the troupe enjoys at the international level. Every employee of the company, irrespective of the level at which he or she operates, make broad contribution to the over both performance of the company. This value is reflected in the activities and policies made at the managerial level of the company, which ensures that the employees argon encouraged to put their best efforts so that they might help the company maximize its performance. The organizational leadership have developed the doplace Rights Policy of the Coca Cola company by strictly undermentioned the international standards for human rights, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work proposed by the International Labor Organizations and too the United Nations Global Compact. This policy is equal ly applicable to all the members, irrespective of the proportion of stake it holds in the company. In all the countries in which the Coca Cola Company operates, it makes sure that the principles strictly abided by the bottling partners of the company, although these companies might operate independently as separate organizations. The company also encourages them to adopt these policies so that these partner organizations might work in a more synchronized direction with the Coca Cola Company. The labor employment policy of the company includes the following major components freedom of Association, take the field against forced labor, campaign against child labor, freedom of collective bargaining, difference among laborers on the basis of cast, race or social status, working hours, proper wage rate, healthy and safe Workplace, security at the workplace and encounter of the stakeholders of the company as well as the entire community (Coca-Cola India, 2010). Labor-related issues Rac ial discrimination Racial discrimination is a serious problem for the multinational corporations. Since they operate in different countries they are required to maintain the traditions and cultures of the regions. Since they utilize the labor force of the relevant country, the management has to be conscious about the about the rights and the demands of the local anaesthetic labor force and make policies that would not hurt the interests of these laborers. In 2000, Coca Cola paid $192.5 trillion for settling a lawsuit against racial discrimination in the US segment of the company. This was aimed at ever-changing and managing the way minority employees are treated in the country. An allegation made against the company in 2003 verbalise that black skinned population is underrepresented in the top management of the company and they also receive less(prenominal) payment than their white skinned counterparts (Business-Human rights, 2013). Issues with Coca Cola Although the Coca Cola Co mpany has a sinewy employee policy and believes in maintaining good relationship with labor unions in all the operating segments in the world, the company has faced strict criticism from the public, the media and other international watchdogs. In some of the countries in which the company operates, it has been charged of providing degraded working conditions to the workers and also accused of inhuman behavior with the labor union leaders. Particularly, in the

Aldemar Hotel and Spa [Operations Management Case Study] Essay

Aldemar Hotel and Spa Operations Management Case Study - Essay Example takings focus has become curiously important in the travel and hospitality industry. This is primarily because the resources such as airline tickets and available rooms in a hotel are fixed and cannot be increased or fall to manage the demand of the consumers at different currents of fourth dimension (Barnes, 2008). This is also the main reason that bear steering is so important for Aldemar. It allows the owner to manage the hotels limited resources which includes its rooms in the outdo(p) possible manner. The managers at Aldemar cannot increase or decrease its room capacity to facilitate the demand of the customers. When thither is increased demand of the rooms during holiday season, the management risks losing its important and loyal customers when the rooms are already booked and they cannot overbook due to its long-term impact of the customers perception and the hotels reputation. Similarly during low demand of the rooms, Aldemar faces issues of decreased revenues and increased be as rooms require maintenance and the organization has to pay for its overhead costs that remain more and less constant during all seasons. With the help of yield management, Aldemar can hope to jaunt certain customers during the off-season thus keeping room occupancies more or less constant. What other approaches to capacity management could Aldemar use? There are other different approaches to capacity management that Aldemar can benefit from. single of them includes promotion. Aldemar Hotels can use promotion as a mode of attracting consumers during the off-peak season. They can offer rooms at discounted prices or could introduce new features during the off-peak season. They could use their online website to promote such offers. Another approach to capacity management is product development that falls under the category of demand management. Demand management includes managing price, promotion, res ervations, and waiting and so on During the off-season, Aldemar Hotels can offer certain services and products that would attract a high number of customers. Aldemar can for modelling shift the opening and closing times of their hotels to accommodate their guests. They could allow guests to benefit from tour guides for discounted rates during off-peak season. Aldemar could particularly benefit from using its spa for product development. It could introduce new offers or products for consumers during the off-peak season. The third approach is to jell the changeable resources in line with the demand of the organization. This is known as chase demand that involves sub-contracting, hiring part time labor, multi skilling and participation of the customers. For example, during peaks seasons, Aldemar can hire extra part-time labor to make up for the increased body of work load. They could add or share their equipment through partnership agreements. Furthermore, Aldemar can delegate extr a work during off-season period such as renovations in the hotel rooms. Critically assess Aldemars current yield management practices (e.g. the organisational structures, procedures, performance monitoring). Even though yield management has come forward as one of the best approaches for managing capacity for the hospitality industry, many organizations fail to incorporate this management strategy in the best of manner. In this manner, they lose a

BUS 187 Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

BUS 187 Project - Essay ExampleHofstede similarly emphasized on the accord of peoples carriage and thus their previous, present and future behavior can be predicted (Hofstede, 150). In this regard, five dimensions of culture have been identified incertitude avoidance, power distance, and maleness versus femininity, exclusiveization versus collectivism and long term versus short term orientation.France exhibit 15-16 power distance, 10-11 individualism, 35-36 masculinity and 10-15 and uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 180). Individualism and collectivism have been cited as the most important aspects in which societies differ. According to Patwardhan (249), the understanding of the difference between individualistic and collectivist society is crucial in understanding consumer behavior (Patwardhan, 249). France with individualism versus collectivism index of 10th and 11th shows that it is highly individualistic. This shows that both countries are not compatible with civilize selli ng as a strategy. Since France is highly individualistic, the ties between individuals are loose thus actions are seldom taken in a collective manner and everyone is expected to bother much about his or her immediate families (Patwardhan, 250). In this respect, the interest of French society does not prevail over the interest of individual members of the society. This is a very key factor LOREAL Company in designing the brands and their respective marketing, furtheranceal and advertisement campaigns. Unlike collectivism, the French think of themselves as I and do not act conjointly or draw their identity from the society. This analysis therefore presents the consumer behavior of France which must be considered in marketing.France as an individualistic society does not promote direct selling as a mode of promotion of products. However, advertisement is likely to perform very well in

Article critique in Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article critique in Higher facts of life - Essay Examplehe NSF/PTK project, the credibility of the originators to write about the NSF/PTK project is not as firm as compared to having all the three authors a member of the NSF/PTK project. The qualification of the authors would have been stronger if all the authors are members of the NSF/PTK project.The author of this article menti integrityd that the article was written to determine the impact of the NSF and PTK project in the quality of the companys development. It is good that the authors explicitly utter in Table I Phi Theta Kappa Award-Winning Colleges the name of the seven selected schools, the piece of campuses in each school, the number of enrollees and education program students together with its partnered 4-year institution that participated in the study. This information provides the referee a rough idea on where the study in this article was conducted.Funded by the NSF and PTK, the authors explicitly stated that the purpose of the study is to determine the impact or effect of the implemented national project on the 7 selected community colleges including the 4-year partner institutions in strengthening the Science, Mathematics, and technology components of the educational programs in each community college.The authors did not mention any research question or hypothesis in this study. This area is one of the weak points of this study. The article would have been written better by including some research question and/or hypotheses since it would allow the readers to have a critical thinking regarding the main topic of this article.There is no unfaltering literature review in this article. Since twain of the authors are professors and the other one is a teacher education instructor, most of the information in this article came from their own idea, perception, and experience in their teaching profession.mentioned that the NSF and PTK project has two rounds of funding wherein the first round is c omposed of seven mentor teams that worked with 18 selected community

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words - 1

Strategic management - Essay ExampleOrganizations bottom achieve success only when their growthions, its brand image, reach and in total its profit reaches the upper echelons. The organizations faeces achieve all these above mentioned objectives, when it has good and importantly quality products or services to offer, then utile distribution strategies, good expansion strategies and finally optimal Leadership. All these aspects, if formulated and implemented effectively roll in the hay elevate any organization, but if these aspects are not put into operation, the survival and success of the organization pull up stakes be doubtful. So, this paper will analyze how the organization of Thorntons implemented all these above mentioned aspects or strategies from its rootage to the year 2000 and from 2000 to the present dayThorntons, the largest manufacturer and retailer of specialist chocolates in United Kingdom, was implanted by Joseph Thornton in 1911. His two sons, Norman Thornton and Stanley Thornton started working in the shop and aided him in retailing, devising recipes, and in the manufacturing process. The have work of the family members provided their business a good impetus. Good flow of customers increased their profits and also their visibility, so they named their business after their family name. To increase their range of chocolate products, Stanley and Norman Thornton visited Switzerland in 1953. There they intend to take note a good chocolate maker, who could make original and tasty chocolates. They visited Basle School for Swiss Chocolatiers and there they found Walter Willen, a capable student who only created some of the original recipes for Thorntons Continental chocolates. The Continental chocolate is the product range that was to become the largest-selling specialist assortment of chocolates in the UK. After functioning for more than half a century at Sheffield, Thorntons moved to a purpose built modern food and chocolate payoff facili ty at

Cause and Effect Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cause and Effect Assignment - Essay ExampleP atomic number 18nts whitethorn adopt a given set of strategy and action establish on the normal situations or the circumstances in which they are forced to bring about an action in response to the lack of values and behavioral assess shown by their children.The disciplinary action is originally meant to bring about resoluteness and respect in the discretion and behavior of the children. The impacts can be multi fold. It can be either building up a truly well groomed and looked after children or in certain cases it may also include the departure in the form of excessively restrictive environment and behavioral response by the children.Surveillance establish parenting includes parenting keeping a close and unannounced check on the children. This may include notice their activities, observing their belongings in their absence and other similar actions.The disciplinary action based parenting includes adopting a comparatively formal meth od of parenting. This may include taking punitive measures which at times even may include physically controlling. Disciplinary actions may also include grounding of children and restricting their activities. Remuneration based treatment of children is the broader form of disciplinary action.Many experts on the subject of parenting and good skills with regard to childrens brought up advocate the use of counseling, sharing, and intimacy based build up of relations. In this kind of relationship and airwave presence, the child feels secure, easy and gives out the information easily which allows the parents resolving their issues relatively easily and flexibly. The child does not fear any threat, punishment that may come from the parents end in the case of violation as is the case in the form of disciplinary form of parenting and guidance by the parents.Effect of counseling may lead to increased good and open relationship between the child and parent. Since it is the human nature that the

State of Nuclear Energy in Germany Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

State of Nuclear Energy in Germany - Assignment exemplificationIf the other actor is rational then such an approach, if practiced correctly can ultimately service of process to keep a state free from interference of an aggressive manner. The second of these strategies which will herein be discussed is that of dtente diplomacy. Naturally, this ultimately represents a form of soft power in that it works to east tensions in the midst of groups by engaging in different mediums of hostility relaxation. As a function of using this position strategy, the actors are assuming that the other side can ultimately be convinced of their own vantage point and that a certain amount of give and take or compromise can ultimately be affected (Mueller, 2011). An example of deterrence in global politics can of course be inferred by the very public displays of military might and power that the Islamic Republic of Iran puts on display during the anniversary of the Islamic Revolution. Likewise, an exa mple of dtente can be seen in the way that UN diplomats as well as Russian and Western diplomats have been hard at work seeking to work out an residuum to the bloodshed that is continuing in Syria. The pastoral that this student has chosen to analyze is that of Germany. Although Germany is considered to be one of the closely technologically groundbreaking nations in the world, it has announced that it plans to take all nuclear plants operating within the country offline within the next 10 years. This has been a function of the events that have taken place within lacquer as a result of the Fukashima Diachi disaster (Funabashi & Katazawa, 2012). As such, Germany provides something of a role model for other advanced states that continue to cling to nuclear energy as a means of producing a high level of cheap energy for their population. Without a doubt, the threat of the use of nuclear weapons during war is the greater threat. Although occasional industrial accidents can and have occurred

Role of Women in the Odyssey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Role of Wo workforce in the Odyssey - Essay ExampleHe learnt most of his traits due to his encounter with contrary cultures and dangerous assignments. This evident in the story where the Greek army commander sends Odyssey to gather information from the fifth column camp, a task requires him to be brave and wise so that the Trojans do not to capture him. The incident of the Odyssey has also had various challenges, most of which are posed by women. These ancient women in the story bump the role of women through various encounters with the Odyssey.Women in the story have a great influence on the goions of men. The roles of women have been portrayed in the story where the im psyche fairy-slipper, the goddess of Calypso Island, is seducing Odyssey and his fellow warriors while on their tutelage on the island. She manages to do so by using her sweet melodious voice to capture the solicitude of the men on the island. She successfully does this and lures them closer to her home. She takes this advantage and turns some of them into swine. Luckily enough, Odyssey possessed a potion that turn Calypso spell and used this chance to escape. Calypso falls in love with Odyssey and holds him captive on the island for about 18 years. This shows how women are used to seduce men even in present daytime situations. They can do anything to men to accomplish what they requirement to do. According to Homer, women use their beauty to put men in to temptations that is against the culture of ancient Greece (188). Calypso uses her immortal powers to prevent Odyssey from leaving the Island. afterward sometime Odyssey decides to reelect home to his wife genus Penelope but calypso does not agree to that. She uses her charms and manipulates Odyssey to stay on the island. The act of manipulation reveals how women can be scheming when they have the power over male gender. Women who become leadership by controlling the society can act as a hindrance to men who want to attain their dreams. Odysseys love to Penelope and his son Telemakhos gives him the will to try overcoming the immortal Calypso for him to return home. Calypso is not aware of what would make Odyssey want to leave the immortal life and select the mortal life. She tries to relate her beauty to that of Penelope saying, I think I can claim that I am not her inferior either in build or stature, since it is not likely that mortal women can challenge the goddesses for build and beauty (Homer 24). According to Homer, calypso plays the role of a seductive big woman who aims at destroying the society beliefs and culture. Penelope also portrays the role of women in caring for the family. She wanted Odyssey plump for as the father of her son. Women fights for the rights of their family when other women tend to come between them. The story reveals the role of women as wives and mothers. Penelope is a woman portraying the image of an ancient Greek woman. The role of a woman as a mother is evident where sh e has raised her son Telemakhos until maturity even in the absence seizure of Odyssey. Penelope being Odysseys wife she poses a unique character that reveals a strong female gender. After many years of people claiming that Odyssey was dead, Penelope did not lose the faith that one day his conserve would come home. She encounters the challenge of many suitors trying to court her but her love for Odyssey kept them off.

First-order logic Essay Example for Free

First- redact system of logic Essay1. (Philosophy) the academic discipline relate with do explicit the record and significance of ordinary and scientific beliefs and investigating the intelligibility of concepts by means of rational object concerning their presuppositions, implications, and interrelationships in particular, the rational investigation of the nature and structure of reality (metaphysics), the resources and limits of familiarity (epistemology), the principles and import of moral view (ethics), and the relationship amidst spoken communication and reality (semantics) 2.(Philosophy) the particular doctrines relating to these issues of some(a) specific individual or instruct the philosophic system of Descartes 3. (Philosophy) the critical guide of the basic principles and concepts of a discipline the philosophy of law 4. (Literary Literary fine Terms) Archaic or literary the investigation of natural phenomena, esp alchemy, astrology, and astronomy 5. distributively system of belief, judge, or tenets 6. a personal outlook or viewpoint 7. serenity of temper philosophy (f l? s ? fi) n. , pl. -phies. 1. the rational investigation of the loyaltys and principles of being, knowledge, or conduct. 2.a system of philosophical doctrine the philosophy of Spinoza. 3. the critical hit the books of the basic principles and concepts of a particular branch of knowledge the philosophy of science. 4. a system of principles for guidance in practical affairs a philosophy of life. 5. a calm or philosophical attitude. Philosophy is the depicted object of general and fundamental problems, such(prenominal) as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason,mind, and dustup. Philosophy is distinguished from separate ways of addressing such problems by its critical, gener eithery systematic approach and its reliance on rational argument.3 In more nonchalant speech, by extension, philosophy can refer to the nearly basic belief s, concepts, and attitudes of an individual or group. The word philosophy comes from the Ancient Greek (philosophia), which literally means love of wisdom. 567 The introduction of the margins philosopher and philosophy has been ascribed to the Greek head Pythagoras. 8 https//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Philosophy http//www. thefreedictionary. com/philosophy Branches of Philosophy Main branches of philosophy Traditionally, there be five main branches of philosophy.They be Metaphysics, which deals with the fundamental questions of reality. Epistemology, which deals with our concept of knowledge, how we learn and what we can know. Logic, which studies the rules of valid reasoning and argumentation Ethics, or moral philosophy, which is concerned with human values and how individuals should act. aesthetics or esthetics, which deals with the nonion of apricot and the philosophy of art. http//www. philosophy-index. com/philosophy/branches/ Aesthetics Aesthetics is the argona of p hilosophy which covers the concepts of beauty and art.Beauty is in the eye of the beholder There are dickens basic standings on the nature of beauty objective and subjective judgement. Subjective judgement of beauty suggests that beauty is not the same to incessantlyyone that which aesthetically pleases the observer is beautiful (to the observer). Alternatively, those partial to the objective description of beauty take heed to measaure it. They suggest that accepted properties of an object create an inherent beauty such as symmetry and balance. some(prenominal) Plato and Aristotlesupported the objective judgement.Some, such as Immanuel Kant, took a middle path, holding that beauty is of a subjective nature, studyly there are qualities of beauty which welcome universal validity. Classical and recent Aesthetics The classical concepts privy aesthetics saw beauty in nature, and that art should mimic those qualities found in nature. AristotlesPoetics describes this base, w hich he develops from Platos teachings. Modern aesthetic ideas, including those of Kant, stress the creative and tokenic side of art that nature does not always have to guide art for it to be beautiful. EpistemologyEpistemology is the area of philosophy that is concerned with knowledge. The main concerns of epistemology are the definition of knowledge, the sources of knowledge (innate ideas, experience, etc. ), the process of acquiring knowledge and the limits of knowledge. Epistemology imagines that knowledge can be obtained throughexperience and/or reason. Defining friendship A primary concern of epistemology is the very definition of knowledge itself. The traditional definition, since Plato, is that knowledge is justified professedly belief, notwithstanding recent evaluations of the concept have shown so-called counterexamples to this definition.In order to fully explore the nature of knowledge and how we come to know things, the various conceptions of what knowledge is mu st first be understood. Definition of knowledge Sources of Knowledge The sources of knowledge must also be considered. Perception, reason, reminiscence, testimony, introspection and innate ideas are all supposed sources of knowledge. Scepticism There also take cares to be reason to doubt each of these sources of knowledge. Could it be that all knowledge is fallible? If that is the case, do we really know anything? This is the central question to the problem of scepticism.Ethics Ethics or moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy concerned with human conduct and its moral value. There are broadly three branches of ethics Meta-ethics, which is concerned with questions approximately what whether or not morality exists, and what it consists of if it does Normative ethics, which is concerned with how moral values should be developed and Applied ethics, which deals with how moral values can be use to specific cases. Logic Logic is the systematic process of valid reasoning throug h inference filiation demonstrations from in figure of speechation that is known to be true.It is the area of philosophy that is concerned with the laws of valid reasoning. symbolical Logic Symbolic logic is the method of representing arranged expressions through the use of symbols and variables, rather than in ordinary language. This has the benefit of removing the equivocalness that normally accompanies ordinary languages, such as English, and allows easier operation. There are many systems of symbolic logic, such as classical propositional logic, first-order logic and modal logic. Each whitethorn have seperate symbols, or exclude the use of certain symbols.Logical Symbols The following table presents several discursive symbols, their name and meaning, and any relevant notes. The name of the symbol (under meaning links to a page explaining the symbol or experimental condition and its use). Note that diametric symbols have been use by different logicians and systems of logic . For the saki of clarity, this site consistently uses the symbols in the left column, while the Notes column may indicate other commonly-used symbols. Symbol Meaning Notes Operators (Connectives) negation (NOT) The tilde ( ? ) is also often used. ?conjunction (AND) The ampersand ( ) or window pane ( ) are also often used. ? disconnectedness (OR) This is the inclusive disjunction, equivalent to and/or in English. ? exclusive disjunction (XOR) ? means that only one of the connected propositions is true, equivalent to eitheror. Sometimes ? is used. transfernative denial(NAND) Means not both. Sometimes written as v joint denial (NOR) Means neither/nor. conditional(if/ then) many a(prenominal) logicians use the symbol? behavior of. This is also known as material implication. - biconditional (iff) Means if and only if ?is sometimes used, but this site reserves that symbol for equivalence. Quantifiers ? universal quantifier Means for all, so ? xPx means that Px is true for every x. ? existential quantifier Means there exists, so ? xPxmeans that Px is true for at least one x. Relations ? implication ? ? ? means that ? follows from? ? equivalence Also ?. Equivalence is two-way implication, so ? ? ? means? pic ? and ? pic ?. ? provability Shows provable inference. ? pic ? means that from ? we can prove that ?. ? therefore apply to signify the conclusion of an argument.Usually taken to mean implication, but often used to present arguments in which the premises do not deductively imply the conclusion. ? forces A relationship between accomplishable worlds and sentences in modal logic. Truth-Values ? tautology may be used to replace any tautologous (always true) formula. ? contradiction May be used to replace any contradictory (always false) formula. Sometimes F is used. Parentheses ( ) parentheses apply to group expressions to show precedence of operations. Square brackets are sometimes used to clarify groupings. Set T heory ?.membership Denotes membership in a set. Ifa ? ?, then a is a member (or an element) of set ?. ? union Used to join sets. If S and T are sets of formula, S ? T is a set containing all members of both. ? intersection The overlap between sets. If S and T are sets of formula, S ? Tis a set containing those elemenets that are members of both. ? subset A subset is a set containing some or all elements of another set. ? proper subset A proper subset contains some, but not all, elements of another set. = set equality twain sets are equal if they contain exactly the same elements. ? absolute balance ? (S) is the set of all things that are not in the set S. Sometimes written as C(S), S or SC. - relative complement T S is the set of all elements in T that are not also in S. Sometimes written as T S. ? empty set The set containing no elements. Modalities ? necessarily Used only in modal logic systems. Sometimes expressed as where the symbol is unavailable. ? possibly Used only in modal logic systems. Sometimes expressed as where the symbol is unavailable. Propositions, Variables and Non-Logical Symbols.The use of variables in logic varies depending on the system and the author of the logic being presented. However, some common uses have emerged. For the sake of clarity, this site allow use the system defined below. Symbol Meaning Notes A, B, C Z propositions capital letter roman type letters signify individual propositions.For example, P may symbolize the proposition Pat is senseless. P and Q are traditionally used in most examples. ? , ? , ? ? formulae Lowercase Greek letters signify formulae, which may be themselves a proposition (P), a formula (P ?Q) or several connected formulae (? ? ? ). x, y, z variables Lowercase Roman letters towards the end of the alphabet are used to signify variables. In limpid systems, these are usually coupled with a quantifier, ? or ? , in order to signify some or all of some unspecified subject or object. By convention, these begin with x, but any other letter may be used if needed, so long as they are defined as a variable by a quantifier. a, b, c, z constants Lowercase Roman letters, when not assigned by a quantifier, signifiy a constant, usually a proper noun.For instance, the letter j may be used to signify Jerry. Constants are given a meaning before they are used in consistent expressions. Ax, Bx Zx predicate symbols Uppercase Roman letters appear again to indicate predicate relationships between variables and/or constants, coupled with one or more variable places which may be filled by variables or constants. For instance, we may definite the relation x is green as Gx, and x likes y as Lxy. To narrow down them from propositions, they are often presented in italics, so while P may be a proposition, Px is a predicate relation for x.Predicate symbols are non-logical they describe relations but have neither operational function nor truth val ue in themselves. ? , ? , ? sets of formulae Uppercase Greek letters are used, by convention, to refer to sets of formulae. ? is usually used to represent the first site, since it is the first that does not look like Roman letters. (For instance, the capital letter Alpha (? ) looks identical to the Roman letter A) ? , ? , ? possible worlds In modal logic, uppercase greek letters are also used to represent possible worlds.Alternatively, an uppercase W with a subscript numeral is sometimes used, representing worlds as W0, W1, and so on. sets Curly brackets are generally used when particularization the contents of a set, such as a set of formulae, or a set of possible worlds in modal logic. For instance, ? = ? , ? , ? , ? Systems of Logic A system of logic, also known as a logical calculus, or evidently a logic, is a method by which to express and evaluate information in a logical manner. Formal Language and Rules of Inference Logical systems consist of a formal language of symbolic logic.This language defines A set of symbols to refer to formulae, including propositions and operators. Grammar, that is rules of well-formation, on how formulae must be expressed. The formal language of a system consists of, on one hand, the syntax of the language, and on the other, a method for expressing semantics within the system. The semantics of a system may be as simple as assigning truth-value to propositions and formulae, or more complicated, victimization predicate symbols to define non-logical relationships between formulae.Systems also consist of rules of inference, which determine how expressions in the language may be used to draw new, previously unstated conclusions. Common Systems of Logic Classical Logics, the most common form of logical expression, including o Aristotelian logic o Propositional logic o First-order logic o Second-order logic o Higher-order logics Contextual Logics, which deal with non-truth-functionaloperators, and includ e o Modal Logic, which deals with modal operators neccessarily and possibly. o Epistemic Logic, which reasons intimately knowledge o Doxastic Logic, which reasons about belief.o Deontic Logic, which reasons about ethical obligation and permissibility o Temporal Logic, which reasons about propositions over time Free Logic, which rejects the assumption that the domain is non-empty, that something exists Fuzzy Logic, which rejects the law of the excluded middle Intuitionistic Logic, which redefines truth values based on proof Paraconsistent Logic, which allows contradictions without entailment of any other formulae Relevance Logic, which requires a stronger link of relevancy between premises and conclusion Metaphysics Metaphysics is the area of philosophy which deals with the ultimate nature of reality.Metaphysics can emcompass large areas of philosophy, and most other philosophical schools turn back to it for basic definition. In that respect, the term metaphysics is a broad one , encompassing the philosophical ideas of cosmology and ontology. Metaphysics or First Philosophy The term metaphysics comes from Greek, meaning after the Physics. Although the term metaphysics generally makes sense in the way that it partially refers to things outisde of and beyond the natural sciences, this is not the seed of the term (as opposted to, say, meta-ethics, which refers to the nature of ethics itself).Instead, the term was used by later editors of Aristotle. Aristotle had written several books on effect and physics, and followed those volumes with work on ontology, and other broad subjects. These editors referred to them as the books that came after the books on physics or metaphysics. Aristotle himself refers to metaphysics as first philosophy. This term was also used by some later philosophers, such as Descartes, whose primary work on the subject of metaphysics is calledMeditations on First Philosophy. Branches of Metaphysics The main branches of metaphysics are Ontology Cosmology Ontology is a branch of metaphysics which studies being. Ontology is concerned with the ultimate nature of being, and of all reality in general. The process of postulateing ontology generally consists of describing being as well as determining how reality may be organized and categorized, and how different types of beings relate to one another. The term an ontology refers to the things counted as being in a metaphysical system. Generally, an ontology is a contention of things that exist the furniture of the universe as it is sometimes put.Differences in ontology among philosophers generally deal with whether or not there are non-physical entities, and whether those things can be counted as being, existing, both or neither. Examples of candidates for ontological status as non-physical being include the mind, mathematical objects and universals. Ontologists Philosophers who do work on ontology are referred to asontologists. The following are some of the prominen t ontologists discussed on this site Aristotle Saint Anselm Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Martin Heidegger. Immanuel Kant Plato W. V. O. Quine Jean-Paul Sartre Baruch Spinoza Cosmology Cosmology is the area of metaphysics and science that studies the origin, phylogeny and nature of the universe. Cosmology is concerned with the contents and astrophysical phenomena of space and time, as well as their origin and progression. Although cosmology is most often concerned with physics and astronomy in the scientific world, it directly relates to a number of philosophical and theological views. The scientific theories related to .While ontology studies the nature of being and reality itself, cosmology is the see of those things that are in reality, and how they, and perhaps reality, came to be. Divisions of Philosophy Abstract Philosophy, philosophical inquiry, and the main branches of philosophy are characterized. 1. What is Philosophy? 1. The derivation of the word philosophy fro m the Greek is suggested by the following words and word-fragments. ? philolove of, coincidence for, liking of ? philanderto engage in love affairs frivolously ? philanthropylove of cosmos in general ? philatelypostage stamps hobby? phile(as in anglophile) one having a love for ? philologyhaving a liking for words ? sophoswisdom ? sophistlit. one who loves knowledge ? sophomorewise and moros laughablei. e. one who thinks he knows many things ? sophisticatedone who is knowledgeable 2. A suggested definition for our beginning study is as follows. Philosophy is the systematic inquiry into the principles and presuppositions of any field of study. ? From a psychological point of view, philosophy is an attitude, an approach, or a calling to answer or to ask, or even to comment upon certain eccentric problems (i. e. , specifically the kinds of problems usually relegated to the main branches discussed below in Section II).? There is, perhaps, no one atomic number 53 sense of the word phi losophy. Eventually many writers abandon the attempt to define philosophy and, instead, turn to the kinds of things philosophers do. ? What is complex in the study of philosophy involves is described by the London Times in an article dealing with the 20th World Congress of Philosophy The great virtue of philosophy is that it teaches not what to think, but how to think.It is the study of meaning, of the principles underlying conduct, thought and knowledge. The skills it hones are the ability to analyse, to question orthodoxies and to express things clearly. However arcane some philosophical texts may be the ability to formulate questions and follow arguments is the essence of education. 1. The Main Branches of Philosophy are shared as to the nature of the questions asked in each area. The integrity of these divisions cannot be rigidly maintained, for one area overlaps into the others. 1.Axiology the study of value the investigation of its nature, criteria, and metaphysical stat us. More often than not, the term value theory is used instead of axiology in contemporary discussions even though the term theory of value is used with respect to the value or price of goods and services in economics. ? Some significant questions in axiology include the following 1. genius of value is value a fulfillment of desire, a pleasure, a preference, a behavioral disposition, or simply a human interest of some kind? 2.Criteria of value de gustibus non (est) disputandum (i. e. , (theres no accounting for tastes) or do objective standards apply? 3. Status of value how are values related to (scientific) facts? What ultimate worth, if any, do human values have? ? Axiology is usually divided into two main parts. 1. Ethics the study of values in human behavior or the study of moral problems e. g. , (1) the rightness and wrongness of actions, (2) the kinds of things which are good or desirable, and (3) whether actions are blameworthy or praiseworthy.1. Consider this example analyz ed by J.O. Urmson in his well-known essay, Saints and Heroes We may imagine a squad of soldiers to be practicing the throwing of live hand grenades a grenade slips from the hand of one of them and rolls on the ground near the squad one of them sacrifices his life by throwing himself on the grenade and protecting his comrades with his own body. It is preferably unreasonable to suppose that such a man must be impelled by the sort of emotion that he might be impelled by if his best friend were in the squad. 2. Did the soldier who threw himself on the grenade do the right thing?If he did not cover the grenade, several soldiers might be injured or be killed. His action probably saved lives certainly an action which saves lives is a chastely correct action. One might even be inclined to conclude that saving lives is a duty. moreover if this were so, wouldnt each of the soldiers have the moral obligation or duty to save his comrades? Would we thereby expect each of the soldiers to vie for the opportunity to cover the grenade? 1. ?sthetics the study of value in the arts or the inquiry into feelings, judgments, or standards of beauty and related concepts.Philosophy of art is concerned with judgments of sense, taste, and emotion. 1. E. g. , Is art an intellectual or representational exercise? What would the realistic representations in pop art represent? Does art represent sensible objects or high-flown objects? 2. Is artistic value objective? Is it merely coincidental that many forms in architecture and painting seem to illustrate mathematical principles? Are there standards of taste? 3. Is there a clear distinction between art and reality? 1. Epistemology the study of knowledge.In particular, epistemology is the study of the nature, scope, and limits of human knowledge. ? Epistemology investigates the origin, structure, methods, and integrity of knowledge. ? Consider the degree of truth of the statement, The earth is round. Does its truth depend upon the contex t in which the statement is uttered? For example, this statement can be successively more accurately translated as 1. The earth is spherical 2. The earth is an oblate spheroid (i. e. , shape at the poles). 3. But what about the Himalayas and the Marianas Trench?Even if we surveyed exactly the shape of the earth, our process of surveying would alter the surface by the footprints left and the impressions of the survey stakes and instruments. Hence, the exact shape of the earth cannot be known. every(prenominal) rain shower changes the shape. 4. (Note here as well the implications for skepticism and relativism simply because we cannot exactly describe the exact shape of the earth, the conclusion does not logically follow that the earth does not have a shape. ) ? merelymore, consider two well-known problems in epistemology 1.Russells Five-Minute-World Hypothesis approximate the earth were created five minutes ago, complete with memory images, history books, records, etc. , how coul d we ever know of it? As Russell wrote in The Analysis of Mind, There is no logical impossibility in the hypothesis that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly as it then was, with a population that remembered a wholly unreal past. There is no logically necessary confederation between events at different times therefore nothing that is happening now or will happen in the future can disprove the hypothesis that the world began five minutes ago. For example, an omnipotent God could create the world with all the memories, historical records, and so forth five minutes ago. any(prenominal) evidence to the contrary would be evidence created by God five minutes ago. (Q. v. , the Omphalos hypothesis. ) 2. Suppose everything in the universe (including all spatial relations) were to expand uniformly a thousand times larger. How could we ever know it? A moments thought reveals that the mass of objects increases by the cube whereas the distance among them increases linearly.He nce, if such an expansion were possible, changes in the measurement of gravity and the speed of light would be evident, if, indeed, life would be possible. 3. Russells Five-Minute-World Hypothesis is a philosophical problem the impossibility of the objects in the universe expanding is a scientific problem since the latter problem can, in fact, be answered by principles of elementary physics. 1. Ontology or Metaphysics the study of what is really real. Metaphysics deals with the so-called first principles of the natural order and the ultimate generalizations available to the human intellect. Specifically, ontology seeks to indentify and establish the relationships between the categories, if any, of the types of existent things. ? What kinds of things exist? Do only particular things exist or do general things also exist? How is existence possible? Questions as to individuality and change of objectsare you the same person you were as a baby? as of yesterday? as of a moment ago? ? How do ideas exist if they have no size, shape, or color? (My idea of the Empire State Building is quite as small or as large as my idea of a book.I. e., an idea is not extended in space. ) What is space? What is time? ? E. g. , Consider the truths of math in what manner do geometric figures exist? Are points, lines, or planes real or not? Of what are they make? ? What is spirit? or soul? or matter? space? Are they made up of the same sort of stuff? ? When, if ever, are events necessary? Under what conditions are they possible? 1. Further characteristics of philosophy and examples of philosophical problems are discussed in the next tutorial. http//philosophy. lander. edu/intro/what. shtml.